BIOL 110 Lab Exam 3 labs 9-11

evolution definition

when the genetic composition of a population changes over time (allele or genotype frequencies)

population def

localized group of interbreeding species members

gene pool def

entire collection of alleles in a population

genotype

composition of an individual 

allele

gene variants like B or b

gene pool size

number of individuals * 2

frequency of dominant allele 

number of times it occurs / gene pool 

frequency of genotype

number of times it occurs / individual total

if the genetic equilibrium is not met then

you cannot determine the number of individuals with a certain genotype

The five Hardy-Weinberg assumptions are:

no mutation

no gene flow (migration)

random mating

no natural selection

and an infinite population size.

If all five of these conditions are met, a population's allele and genotype frequencies will remain constant from generation to generation, meaning it is not evolving.

 

All green plants are eukaryotic autotrophs that use chlorophylls and to carry out photosynthesis

a and b

Plant cells have cell walls made of _. 

cellulose

In order to reproduce, plants make gametes:

eggs and sperm. 

When a sperm fertilizes an egg, a _ is formed. 

single-celled zygote

  The sperm donates one set of chromosomes to the zygote and the egg donates another, corresponding set, as well so there are 

2 sets of chromosomes in the zygote 

When there are two chromosomes of each type in a cell, the cell is

diploid

  

The diploid zygote grows by way of a cell division process that uses

mitosis to parcel out chromosomes to daughter cells.

  Mitosis ensures that the

descendants of a cell have the same number of chromosomes as were in the original.

all the cells that arise from a zygote via mitotic cell division are _

diploid

The multicellular, diploid plant that grows from the zygote is called a .

sporophyte

Eggs and sperm are haploid, which means they are

cells that contain only one of each type of chromosome (either a right shoe or left shoe, but not both). 

how do diploid sporophytes make haploid gametes?  This takes several steps:

1. certain cells within the sporophyte body undergo a cell division process called meiosis. 

2. Meiosis produces cells that contain only one chromosome of each type. 

3. The haploid cells that result from meiosis in plants are called spores.  In short, sporophytes produce spores by way of meiosis

In the second step on the road to gametes,

the original, haploid spore cell grows by way of mitotic division, producing a multicellular body of haploid cells. 

This haploid plant is termed a _.

gametophyte

alternation of generations

Chlorophytes

green algae, unicellular embryo

Chlamydomonas

chlorophyte

Spirogyra

multicellular chlorophyte

Nontracheophyte

simplest examples of land plants.  Most must have moist habitats to thrive.  They are small, and have some water conducting tissue, but lack tracheids (specialized tissue for water transport) within the plant

Marchantia

liverwort — Nontracheophyte

polytrichum

moss - Nontracheophyte

Tracheophyte

have transport systems to carry water from the soil to all parts of the plants, and to conduct nutrients made by some parts of the plant to other parts of the plant

Lycophytes 

Tracheophyte — have a vascular system

Pterophytes  

tracheophyte — share genetic similarities 

whisk ferns

pterophyte — simple vascular system

seed bearing vascular plants

gymnosperms and angiosperms

gymnosperms 

Coniferophyta, Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta

angiosperms vary from gymnosperms because

1. they produce flowers; gymnopserms do not. 

2. They have xylem vessels in addition to tracheids to convey water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant; gymnosperms only have tracheids.  

3. Their seeds are enclosed in fruits (sometimes not very impressive, but often quite delicious), in contrast to Gymnosperms (which literally means "naked seed")

animal kingdom is divided into two parts 

Porifera (porr-IF-uh-ruh) (also known as the Parazoa) and Eumetazoans (yoo-met-uh-zoh-uh) (animals with tissues)

the Eumetazoan subkingdom is first split into two groups:

those whose ancestors had two tissue layers and those whose ancestors had three tissue layers. 

The three-layered animals are split into

those whose mouth develops first as an embryo (protosomes) and those whose mouth develops second (deuterostomes). 

Protostomes can be further divided into groups

that molt and those that do not molt, and so on.

Deuterostomes fall into two groups:

those with a water vascular system and those with a notochord.

poriferans

The basic body plan of a sponge is a three-layered perforated sac, consisting of an outer epidermis, a jelly-like middle layer sprinkled with amoeboid cells, and an inner layer composed of cells fitted with flagella. no tissues.

Eumetazoans 

have tissues