Mucosal Diseases (Without Diarrhea)

A set of flashcards summarizing key concepts regarding Mucosal Diseases, with a focus on Foot-and-Mouth Disease and Bovine Papular Stomatitis.

What is the etiology of Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD)?

It is caused by Aphthovirus, a small single-stranded RNA positive sense virus from the Picornaviridae family.

• Very very contagious and affects cloven-hoofed animals.

• 7 serotypes, and there is no cross-protection between subtypes → A, O, C, Asia 1, Southern African Territories (SAT) 1, SAT 2, and SAT 3

• Morbidity 100%

• Mortality less 1%

What are the key clinical signs of Foot-and-Mouth Disease?

Incubation 2-12 days. Oral lesions, vesicles on the tongue and gums, hoof lesions, excess salivation with cows, abortion, death in young animals, teat lesions, and decreased milk production. Goats and sheep have minimal clinical signs 

Pathogenesis of FMD? 

Involves initial replication of the virus in the oropharyngeal epithelium, leading to the formation of vesicular lesions. The virus then spreads systemically, causing immune response and resulting in clinical signs such as fever and pain. fever 2-21 days

What is a notable method of transmission for Foot-and-Mouth Disease?

Transmission occurs via respiratory aerosols, direct contact, and ingestion of infected animal parts. African cafe buffalo are permanent carriers 

Differential diagnosis for FMD

includes diseases like vesicular stomatitis, contagious ecthyma, and other viral infections that cause similar clinical signs.

What preventive measures are recommended for Foot-and-Mouth Disease?

Strict import restrictions and biosecurity protocols for livestock facilities, depopulation, vaccinations against A, O, C and are not good for producing long lasting immunity

What collection methods are recommended for diagnosing Foot-and-Mouth Disease?

Virus isolation, identification, antigen detection (PCR), and notify authorities before collecting samples.

PM lesions of FMD

“tiger heart”

• dry lesions in pigs

• fluid filled blisters, red erosion, fibrin coating, white area on the heart and other organs

Etiology of Vesicular Stomatitis

Rhabdovirus, enveloped, single stranded RNA. 4 viruses and no cross immunity between types. Reportable

• naturally infects cattle, horses, swine, and llamas

• mostly just in the americas 

• Morbidity 90%

• Mortality low

Transmission of VS

Insects(black fly, sand fly), mechanical, direct, indirect 

Clinical signs VS

Incubation 3-5 days

• fever

• oral lesions

• erosions of gums and tongue

• ulcer on teats, interdigital space, coronary band 

• dec milk production 

• horses are severely affected → droolong, chomping, mouth rubbing, lameness

Diagnose VS

• Viral culture

• RT-PCR

• immuno- fluorescence

• complement fixation tests

• antigen-capture ELISA.

• Antigen-capture ELISA can also be used for serotyping

• Electron microscopy: distinguishing VSV from other viruses (FMD virus)

PM lesions of VS

Death is rare

• erosive ulcerative lesions

• degeneration of epithelial cells

• virus in fresh lesions

Treatment for VS

• non-specific

• supportive care

• disinfect

• rest and feed soft food

• separate from the unaffected

Prevention for VS

• vaccines but not proven to be efficacious

• PPE

• quarantine of affected

• no animal movement

Etiology of Bovine Papular Stomatitis

Bovine Papular Stomatitis is caused by a parapoxvirus, primarily affecting young cattle 2wks-2yrs. It results in papular lesions on the oral mucosa and is often associated with a mild respiratory infection

• morbidity close to 100%

• spreads through direct contact with infected animals

Clinical signs of BPS

Lesions in the mouth, including papules and sores, which may lead to drooling and difficulty eating. Affected animals often show signs of discomfort or reduced appetite.

• anorexia

• weight loss

• mild fever

• no overt systemic signs

• buccal or nasal papules

• hyperemic foci

• usually heals within 3-5 weeks

Ddx for BPS

BVD-MD • MCF • FMD/VS/ • Pseudocowpox (on teats)

Diagnose BPS

• clinical appearance with age

• electron microscopy of scab → looks like a ball of yarn

• histopath → eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions

Treatment for BPS

Usually self limiting

• cryo with liquid nitrogen

• autologous vaccines

• supportive therapy

• zoonotic