APES Unit 4
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33 Terms
What does the color of soil indicate?
The color of soil reveals its organic matter, mineral content, and drainage conditions.
What are the soil horizons?
Soil horizons include O (organic matter), A (topsoil), E (leached layer), B (subsoil), C (weathered parent material), and R (unweathered rock).
How does soil formation occur?
Soil forms through weathering (breakdown of rocks) and erosion (movement of particles by wind, water, or ice).
What is the difference between the asthenosphere and lithosphere?
The asthenosphere is a semi-fluid layer enabling plate movement, while the lithosphere is the rigid outer shell.
What processes drive tectonic plate movement?
Mantle convection, slab pull, and ridge push drive tectonic plate movement.
What is plate tectonics?
Plate tectonics describes the movement of Earth's lithospheric plates due to mantle dynamics.
What occurs at divergent plate boundaries?
Divergent plates move apart, forming new crust.
What happens at convergent plate boundaries?
Convergent plates collide, causing subduction or mountain building.
What happens at transform plate boundaries?
Transform plates slide past each other, causing earthquakes.
How do wind and precipitation affect the Earth's surface?
They erode, shape landforms, and influence ecosystems.
What is the effect of ocean currents on climate?
Ocean currents redistribute heat, moderating coastal climates.
What occurs in the troposphere?
Weather occurs; temperature decreases with altitude.
What is the significance of the stratosphere?
Contains ozone layer that absorbs UV radiation.
What happens in the mesosphere?
It is the coldest layer where meteors burn up.
What characterizes the thermosphere?
High temperatures; auroras occur.
What is the exosphere?
The outermost layer that merges with space.
Why is the stratosphere important to life on Earth?
The ozone layer blocks harmful UV radiation.
What protects us from solar winds?
The magnetosphere shields Earth from solar winds and cosmic radiation.
What happens to temperature as altitude increases?
Temperature decreases, except in the stratosphere and thermosphere.
What happens to pressure as altitude increases?
Pressure decreases as altitude increases.
Why does our atmosphere enable life?
It provides oxygen, regulates temperature, and blocks harmful radiation.
What is a watershed?
A watershed collects drainage into a common area, crucial for water resource management.
What is the largest watershed in the USA?
The largest watershed in the USA is the Mississippi River Basin.
What is the largest watershed in the world?
The largest watershed in the world is the Amazon River Basin.
What causes seasons on Earth?
Seasons result from Earth's axial tilt, affecting sunlight angles throughout the year.
How does a rain shadow create deserts?
Moist air rises on the windward side, leaving the leeward side dry as descending air loses moisture.
What are the 3 prevailing wind belts?
Trade Winds (east to west), Westerlies (west to east), and Polar Easterlies (east to west).
What is the warm phase of the ENSO cycle?
El Niño is the warm phase.
What is the cold phase of the ENSO cycle?
La Niña is the cold phase.
How does El Niño affect disease spread in South America?
Flooding in South America creates favorable conditions for disease.
How does El Niño affect disease spread in Southeast Asia?
Drought in Southeast Asia creates favorable conditions for disease.
How does El Niño impact aquatic ecosystems off South America?
El Niño reduces upwelling, leading to fewer nutrients and declining fish populations.
What are the effects of La Niña?
La Niña causes dry conditions in South America, heavy rains in Southeast Asia, and intensified Atlantic hurricanes.