Bio HW 10+11

__________ __________ is the study of the diversification of living forms, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time.

biological systematics

__________ is the science of defining groups of biological organisms on the basis of shared characteristics and giving names to those groups.

taxonomy

__________ is the study of the evolutionary history, development and relationships among groups of organisms (e.g. species, or populations).

phylogenetics

__________ is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized based on shared derived characteristics that can be traced to a group's most recent common ancestor and are not present in more distant ancestors.

cladistics

The system of __________ __________ was developed in 1758.

binomial nomenclature

The naming system from the previous question was developed by __________ __________.

Carolus Linnaeus

The naming system uses only two Latin names – the **[__________]** and the specific epithet for each **[_________]** of organism.

genus, species

A __________ is a group of closely related species.

genus

A __________ is a population of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.

species

Place the following taxa in order from largest to smallest:

1. Domain
2. Kingdom
3. Phylum
4. Class
5. Order
6. Family
7. Genus
8. Species

The three domains of life are: **[__________]**, **[_________]**, and **[________]**.

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

Please select the domains containing prokaryotic organisms:

Archaea, Bacteria

The sole kingdom in Domain Bacteria is the Kingdom __________.

Eubacteria

Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, and Protista are the four kingdoms in Domain __________.

Eukarya

“Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations which are reproductively isolated from other such groups.” This definition of a species was proposed in 1940 by __________ __________.

Ernst Mayr

The Eurasian red squirrel’s binomial scientific name is __________ __________.

sciurus vulgaris

The closest extant relatives to humans are __________.

chimpanzees

The binomial scientific name of humans is __________ __________.

homo sapiens

**[__________]** structures are derived from common ancestor while **[_________]** structures have similar functions, but are not derived from a common ancestor.

homologous, analogous

A __________ is a group of organisms that are related by a common ancestor. It contains an ancestor and all of its linear descendants.

clade

A(n) __________ is all of the communities that interact with the physical world in a particular place.

ecosystem

A __________ is a group of populations of different kinds of organisms that interact with one another in a particular place.

community

__________ is the branch of biology that studies the relationships between organisms and their environments.

ecology

Ecologists define __________ as anything that affects an organism during its lifetime.

environment

**[__________]** factors are living things that affect an organism; **[_________]** factors are nonliving factors that affect an organism.

biotic, abiotic

Each step in the flow of energy is known as a __________ __________.

trophic level

A food **[__________]** is the series of organisms feeding on one another. A food **[_________]** is the interconnection among food chains.

chain, web

The three categories of organisms in an ecosystem are **[__________]**, **[_________]**, and **[________]**.

producers, consumers, decomposers

__________ are autotrophs, they convert inorganic molecules into organic molecules.

producers

Producers may be either **[__________]** or **[_________]**.

photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs

__________ must consume organic matter generated by producers.

consumers

**[__________]** obtain energy by eating plants; **[_________]** are animals that eat other animals.

herbivores, carnivores

Which trophic level is producers?

first

Which trophic level is herbivores?

second

Which trophic level is primary carnivores?

third

Which trophic level is secondary carnivores?

fourth

__________ consume both plants and animal flesh for nutrients.

omnivores

__________ consume the organic matter of dead organisms or the waste products of living organisms.

decomposers

__________ occurs when two or more organisms use the same limited resources.

competition

**[__________]** competition is competition among individuals of the same species. **[_________]** is competition among individuals of different species.

intraspecific, interspecific

A __________ is the specific functional role an organism has in its community.

niche

Due to interspecific competition, no two species of organisms can occupy the same niche. This is known as the __________ __________ principle.

competitive exclusion

The process whereby different species subdivide a niche, splitting the available resource to avoid direct competition with one another is known as __________ __________.

resource partitioning

__________ is an interaction in which one organism captures, kills, and eats another organism.

predation

The term __________ refers to the living together of two or more species in a prolonged and intimate ecological relationship.

symbiosis

__________ is a symbiotic interaction that benefits both participants.

mutualism

__________ is a symbiotic interaction that benefits one participant, but has a neutral effect on the other.

commensalism

__________ is an interaction where an organism inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by the other.

amensalism

__________ is an interaction where an organism benefits by inflicting harm to another organism.

parasitism

__________ __________ is an interaction where an organism relies on other organisms to raise its offspring.

brood parasitism

A __________ __________ is one that has an exceptionally large impact on its environment relative to its abundance.

keystone species

The pattern of movement of a chemical element through organisms and reservoirs in the physical environment is called a __________ __________.

biogeochemical cycle

“The process by which a body of water acquires a high concentration of nutrients, especially phosphates and nitrates. These typically promote excessive growth of algae. As the algae die and decompose, high levels of organic matter and the decomposing organisms deplete the water of available oxygen, causing the death of other organisms, such as fish.” This is a description of __________.

eutrophication