Solutions

What is a solution?

A molecular dispersion where particles are fully dissolved in solvent, particle size < 1 nm

What are the components of a solution?

Solvent (major part) + solute (minor part)

List advantages of solutions.

Easy to swallow, fast absorption, good for feeding tubes, less bioavailability problems

List disadvantages of solutions.

Unstable, need preservatives, dosing accuracy issues, bulky, costly, solubility limits

Max residue allowed in Purified Water, USP?

≤ 0.001%

What processes are used to purify Purified Water, USP?

Distillation, ion exchange, reverse osmosis

What types of purified water are used for parenterals?

Water for Injection, Bacteriostatic Water, Sterile Water

Alcohol USP concentration?

94.9-96% at 15.56°C

At what concentration is alcohol antimicrobial?

> 12%

OTC alcohol limits by age?

6 yrs: 0.5%; 6-12 yrs: 5%; >12 yrs/adults: 10%

What is Diluted Alcohol NF?

50/50 water/alcohol mix; 3% shrinkage in volume

What is Rubbing Alcohol?

70% ethanol or IPA; external use only; germicide, skin cleanser.

Key properties of Glycerin USP?

Sweet, viscous, miscible with water/alcohol

Name common preservatives.

Parabens (methyl-, propyl-), alcohol, propylene glycol, glycerin

Name common sweeteners.

Sucrose, liquid glucose, saccharin, aspartame, sorbitol, sucralose, mannitol, polyols

Name common thickeners / viscosity enhancers.

Cellulose derivatives: methylcellulose, sodium CMC, HPMC, carbomers, povidone

Examples of aqueous solutions?

Rehydration (Pedialyte), colonic lavage (Golytely), mouthwashes (Listerine), syrups (85% sugar)

Examples of non-aqueous solutions?

Elixirs (Digoxin Elixir), tinctures (Iodine), liniments (White cream liniment), collodions, aromatic waters, spirits