PHYL 142 Final

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276 Terms

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Pathogen
something that causes and generates disease (bacteria, fungi, parasites)
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Innate immune system
System we are born with, include skin, mucus, sweat, tears, gastric acid, human microbiota
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Mucus
contains mucins, enzymes & defensins, trap/impede pathogen entry, neutralize pathogens
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Mucins
glycoproteins, thicken extracellular fluid, retain water, slow & impede pathogen movement
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Sweat
Acidic pH, high salt (hypertonic to pathogens), defensis, dermcidin
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Tears
Lysozyme, mucins, surfactants
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Gastric acid
In stomach, contains hydrochloric acid, denatures proteins, dissolves microbes or inhibits growth
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Human microbiota
Makes it difficult for pathogens to develop, secrete chemicals that impede pathogenic bacteria, crowd out other bacteria, compete for resources
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Steps of phagocytosis
Chemotaxis & adherece of microbe to phag, ingestion of microbe, formation of phagosome, fusion of phagosome with a lysosome forming a phagolysosome, digestion of ingested microbe by enzymes, formation of residual body containing indigestible material, discharge of waste materials
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Chemotaxis
movement of cells towards or away from chemical,
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Diapedesis
passage of blood cells through capillary walls, help RBCs as well as macrophages get to different parts of the body
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Complement proteins
mostly produced by liver, always circulating;remain inactive if not needed, activated by pathogens
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Complement protein functions
recruit macrophages, activate mast cell degranulation, can also attack pathogenic cells itself
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Interferons
Inc. antiviral defenses, inc. DNA repair, MHC-1 & MHC-2 presentation, NK cell activity & destruction of infected cells
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Interferon alpha
prod. by cells infeceted w viruses, attracts & stimulates NK cells & enhances resistance to viral infection
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Interferon beta
secreted by fibroblasts and slows inflammation in damaged area
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Interferon gamma
secreted by T & NK cells, stimulate macrophage activity
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Inflammation
bodily response to injury or disease in which heat, redness & swelling occur to eliminate harmful substances & repair damaged tissue
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4 signs of inflammation
Heat, pain, redness, swelling
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Histamine
Causes vasodilation, inc. vessel permeability, inc. fluids also leak, leading to heat, redness & swelling
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Fever
Pyrexia, add energy & speed up metabolism in immune cells, make body inhospitable for foregin bacteria, inhibit bacterial & viral enzymes, stresses out our body
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Pyrogens
Chemicals that cause the body to produce more heat, released by bacteria & immune cells
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Normal body temp range
96.8-99.5 F
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hypothermia
Temp < 95 F
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fever
Temp \> 100.4
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hyperpyrexia
Temp \> 104 F
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Neutrophils
Phagocytic, degranulation, promote inflammation & recruit other immune cells, form NETs, expendable
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Degranulation
release of toxic chemicals from cellular vesicles (granules)
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Defensins
enzymes that produce free radicals, degrade extracellular matrices,
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Pus
Thick opaque fluid, result from inflammation or infection, contain remnants of infection (proteins, pathogen remnants, cell 7 tissue debris, dead WBCs)
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NK cells
Innate cells, recognize abnormal cells, cause apoptosis,
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NK cell self tolerance
NK cells read MHC-1 of all cells, induces apoptosis on any infected or tumorous cells
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MHC- 1 & 2 location
found on surface of all cells
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MHC-1
Cells display their own proteins on MHC-1 receptors, serve as ID for cells
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MHC-2
Present extracellular antigens, displayed by pro APCs
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Professional APCs
Dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells
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Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
Present antigens from foreign particles to T cells, so the body can learn how to respond to the invader, or alert T cells that a cell is compromised
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Cytotoxic T cells
Detect pathogen antigens, kill infected cells
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T helper cells
Support cells that phagocytize pathogens, tell cytotoxic T cells to activate & multiply, help macrophages become deadlier
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T regulatory cells
Protect self cells from cytotoxic T cells, important in immune self-tolerance
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B cells
Produce immunoglobulins, can create enormous variety of antibody binding sites, shuffle genes that make antibody lift & heavy chains
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Plasma cells
produce and secrete antibodies
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T&B memory cells
Record of past antigens, allow faster response to same antigen in future, prod. in primary response
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Secondary lymphoid organs
Sites where lymphocytes mount adaptive immune responses; examples include lymph nodes and spleen
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GI tract
runs from mouth to anus
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Mesentery
a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall, serve as scaffold for blood vessels
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GI tract organs
oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
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Accessory organs (digestive)
Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
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Mastication
chewing
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Saliva
1-1.5 L produced daily, 99% h20, fluids & digestive enzymes help digest food, normal pH range 6.35-6.85
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Enzymes in saliva
Salivary amylase, lingual lipase, immunoglobulins, lysozyme, peroxidases, defensins
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Teeth
Deciduous, incisors, canines, premolars, molars
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Deciduous teeth
baby teeth
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Permanent teeth
Replace baby teeth
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Incisors
Shaped like dull blades, slice food, 4 on top 4 on bottom
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Canines
Tears up food, 2 on top, 2 on bottom
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Premolars
8 total
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Molars
6 on top, 6 on bottom
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Deglutition (steps)
Bolus gets swallowed -\> tongue pushes up against hard palate, soft palate is closed -\> Hyoid pulls up & forward, epiglottis shuts
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Esophagus layers
Lumen, mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, adventitia
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Peristalsis
series of wave-like involuntary contractions
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Muscle contraction during peristalsis
contraction of circular muscle -\> contraction of longitudinal muscle
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regions of the stomach
Cardia, fundus, body, pylorus
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layers of muscularis externa (stomach)
(deep) Oblique, circular, longitudinal
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Parietal cells
prod. hydrochloric acid, secretes intrinsic factor,
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Intrinsic factor
protein which is important for absorption of vitamin B12
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Mucus cells
prod. mucus
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Chief cells
secrete pepsinogen
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Pepsinogen
needs to combine with hydrochloric acid to become pepsin (active), helps breakdown food molecules
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G cells
produce gastrin
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Gastrin
peptide hormone, increases stomach motility, stimulates acid & enzyme production
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Peptic Ulcers
Gastric acid eats away at stomach lining
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Common cause of peptic ulcers
Helicobacter pylori, invades mucosal layer, secretes proteases & toxins
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Mechanical digestion (stomach)
churning and mixing until food is a soupy liquid called "chyme"
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Hydrochloric acid
helps break down food in the stomach
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Duodenum
Where food first enters the intestines, produces gastrin
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Cephalic phase
thinking of food, inc. hunger, stimulating stomach
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Gastric phase
Gastric acid released stimulating prod. & release of other substances (HCL, mucus, pepsinogen)
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Intestinal phase
Bolus moves on into the intestines
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Secretin
Inc. pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate, Inc. bile production by liver
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Cholecystokinin (CKK)
Fatty acids & amino acids stimulate release, inhibits gastric emptying, inc. bile production, suppresses hunger, keeps food in stomach longer, more time to digest
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Glucose-dependent insluniotropic polypeptide (GIP)
Abnormally high GIP levels dec. gastric acid, stimulated by high glucose duodenal content, stimulates release of insulin
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Ileum
Thinner circular folds, smaller villi, absorbs vitamin B12 & bile acids, longest portion, contains peyer's patches
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Peyer's patches
clusters of lymphatic tissue around small intestine to monitor digestive system
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Lobes of the liver
Left lobe, caudate lobe, right lobe, quadrate lobe.
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lipoproteins
LDL, HDL, transport cholesterol, triglycerides & fats
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Coronary ligament
Anchors liver to diaphragm
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Blood flow through the liver
portal vein-\>portal venules-\>sinusoids-\>central venule-\>sublobular veins-\>hepatic veins-\>IVC
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Liver cells
Kupffer cells, hepatocytes,
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Kupffer cells
~80-90% of all resident (fixed) macrophages, Dispose pathogens, foreign particles & debris, Recycle cell debris & large molecules, release inflammatory cytokines
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Hepatocytes
~80% of the livers mass, prod. plasma proteins, Metabolize carbs, fats & lipids
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Bile
A substance produced by the liver that breaks up fat particles, stored in gallbladder
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Porta hepatis
Where the hepatic portal vein, artery and common bile duct enter the liver
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Gallbladder
Stores & concentrates bile produced in the liver
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Pancreas
produces insulin and glucagon
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Pancreatic duct
Carries exocrine secretions of pancreas to duodenum
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Pancreatic acini
exocrine cells that secrete digestive enzymes into the pancreatic duct; 99% of pancreatic cells
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Pancreatic islets
Secrete insulin & glucagon into the bloodstream
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Pancreatic juice
Exocrine secretion, basic pH, helps neutralize chyme, 1L prod. per day
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Pancreatic juice enzymes
Amylases, lipases, proteases, nucleases