Units 1-6 APUSH Terms (1491-1898)

William (Boss) Tweed (1860s)

1) Powerful leader of the Tammany Hall political machine, which controlled New York City politics after the Civil War.

2) A symbol of Gilded Age corruption, he and other members of Tammany Hall stole as much as $200 million from New York City through bribery, graft, and vote-buying.

3) Maintained power despite his corruption because of the support he drew from immigrants in the city who he rewarded with patronage and social services.

Women’s Christian Temperance Union (1874)

1) Organization led by Francis Willard that advocated for the prohibition of alcohol, using women's reputation as moral leaders to influence politicians

2) The group represented a larger women's movement in the Gilded Age that sought to end the corrupting influence of saloons on the family, and it also used its influence to champion women's rights

3) Most of the support for prohibition came from rural areas, and the increase in the popularity of the temperance movement reflected growing fears about immigrants (who were often associated with alcohol).

Jane Addams (1889)

1) Middle-class, educated woman who established Hull House in Chicago, the most prominent settlement house in the United States

2) Located in a poor immigrant neighborhood, Hull House offered instruction in English, counseling to help newcomers adjust to city life, child-care services for working mothers, and cultural activities for neighborhood residents.

3) Settlement houses became centers of women's activism and social reform, and reflecting the Social Gospel, women of the settlement movement took on other issues including opposition to sweatshops, child labor, and a push for greater sanitation in cities.

“New” Immigrants (Late 1800s)

1) Immigrants from southern and eastern Europe who formed a recognizable wave of immigration from the 1880s until 1924, in contrast to the immigrants from western Europe who had come before them.

2) They congregated in ethnic urban neighborhoods, where they worried many native-born Americans because they were largely Catholic, illiterate, and impoverished.

3) As a result, some Americans responded with nativist anti-immigrant campaigns and others introduced urban reforms to help immigrants assimilate.

Ethnic Neighborhoods (Late 1800s)

1) Areas of cities in the United States where new immigrants crowded together into tightly bound communities.

2) As a result, "Little Italys" and "Little Polands" popped up in major cities like Chicago and New York with populations that were greater than some of the largest cities of the same nationality in the Old World.

3) These communities allowed immigrants to speak their native language and practice their religion freely, while at the same time sheltering them from growing nativist fears that were emerging in America.

Social Gospel (Late 1800s)

1) A reform movement led by Protestant ministers such as Walter Rauschenbusch who wanted to use religious values to fix social problems in the Gilded Age

2) The movement was part of a larger religious revival that was occurring in the late-1800s, which was concerned with issues of social justice including crime, alcoholism, economic inequality, and the living conditions of the urban poor.

3) Its ideas helped shape the temperance movement, the settlement movement, and the emphasis on morality during the Progressive Era.

Susan B. Anthony (Late 1800s)

1) Feminist leader who campaigned for women's suffrage

2) During the Civil War, she helped organize the Women's National Loyal League, which pushed for the emancipation of slaves. However, she split with black leaders such as Frederick Douglass when the 14th and 15th Amendments did not include rights for women.

3) In 1890, she helped found the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), which argued that women should be allowed to vote because their responsibilities in the home and family made them indispensable in the public decision-making process.

Coney Island (1886)

1) Originally a beach destination located in Brooklyn, New York, it gained fame as one of the first amusement parks in the United States.

2) Attracted many working and middle class people for its rides, hotels, restaurants, and sideshows.

3) Part of a growing amusement industry that resulted from increased leisure time for the average American worker and better communication technologies, which allowed for the advertising of mass entertainment.

Dumbbell Tenements (Late 1800s)

1) Poorly constructed, overcrowded buildings that housed the urban poor as cities grew in size during the Gilded Age.

2) Earned its name because of the outline of its floor plan, these filthy, rat-infested buildings had a narrow air shaft that provided one window for each room and minimal ventilation to the occupants.

3) Several families were often packed into one floor and shared a single foul-smelling toilet.

Streetcar Cities (Late 1800s)

1) Refers to the outward expansion of urban areas as residents increasingly began to commute daily for the first time between their home and job on the mass-transit lines that connected the center of a city to surrounding suburbs.

2) Electric trolleys and later subways, shifted cities from compact and communal areas to a massive metropolis with distinctly different districts including business, industry, and residential neighborhoods.

3) Led to the rise of the first suburbs, which were residential areas inhabited by the wealthiest Americans

Ellis Island (1892-1954)

1.) Immigrant processing center that opened in New York City in 1892. Most immigrants who came through were a part of the "Second Wave" immigrants (mainly southern and eastern European immigrants).

2.) Approximately 12 million immigrants were processed at Ellis Island during the time it was open and endured both physical and mental examinations.

3.) After hours or even days of examination and processing, immigrants entered into New York and many chose to settle on the Lower East Side.

Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)

1) Was in response to the large number of Americans migrating to the West during the Gold Rush.

2) At this time the US Government did not claim any of the land of the Native Americans.

3) Tribes guaranteed safe passage to migrating Americans on the Oregon Trail.

Homestead Act (1862)

1) Was an extension of the concept of the Free Soil policy that encouraged individuals to own their own farms.

2) Guaranteed 160 acres of land for free if property was developed.

3) Many of these lots were later sold off to large cattle barons.

Yellowstone (1872)

1) Was the first National Park in the United States.

2) Was a response to the growing movement for conservation (protection of America's public lands) in the United States.

3) Was used to protect the rapidly declining bison population of the Western United States.

Battle of Little Big Horn (1876)

1) Often referred to as "Custer's Last Stand".

2) Was a battle between the Lakota Sioux and the United States over the Black Hills .

3) One of the few Native American victories during the Indian Wars.

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

1) Prohibited the immigration of all Chinese laborers.

2) First law that specifically prevented an entire ethnic group from immigration.

3) Was a result of a growing nativist movement toward the end of the Industrial Revolution.

A Century of Dishonor (1881)

1) A book by Helen Hunt Jackson detailing the injustices against Native Americans.

2) Discussed many of the massacres perpetrated against the natives of the West.

3) Was an attempt to change government policy toward Native Americans away from violence, but led to assimilation.

Combine Harvester (1881)

1) Continuing mechanization of farming which increased American food supply with less farmers.

2) Labor-saving device for large farmers in the western United States.

3) Increased crop yields significantly and lowered farm prices, which hurt small farmer since prices dropped below production costs.

Interstate Commerce Act (1886)

1) Federal law designed to regulate the railroad industry 2) Was a response to pricing "pools" that led to monopolistic practices by railroad companies

3) Groups of farmers or "granges" were very important in lobbying for passage of the bill

Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

1) The President was authorized to subdivide Native American tribal landholdings to private property

2) Was part of the movement to assimilate Native Americans into American culture

3) Was destructive on Native American sovereignty, culture and identity in addition to taking away millions of acres of land.

National Grange Movement (1870)

1)This was a social and educational organization for farmers.

2)They established "cooperatives" for farmers to help cut costs charged by railroads and other businesses. 3)They were big supporters of the Populist Party.

Forest Reserve Act (1891)

1)This allowed the president to set aside land protected from the public.

2)This led to debates between conservationists and preservationists.

3)Conservationists believed in scientific management and use of natural resources, whereas preservationists such as John Muir wanted to protect land from human interference.

Frederick Jackson Turner’s frontier thesis (1893)

1)This essay stated that the 300 years of settlement out west promoted individualism and independence.

2)This essay also acknowledged that more Americans were moving to cities as a result of industrialization. 3)By moving to cities, the fear was that there would be more class division and social conflict.

Populist (People’s) Party (1892)

1) They were concerned with problems caused by industrialization.

2) Advocated for direct election of senators, unlimited coinage of silver, government ownership of industry, and an eight hour work day.

3) Mainly represented farmers out west.

Election of 1896 (1896)

1)Democratic candidate William Jennings Bryan ran against Republican William McKinley.

2) Bryan gave his famous "Cross of Gold" speech, in which he advocated for the unlimited coinage of silver. 3)Bryan lost, and this led to the demise of the Populist Party.

Transcontinental Railroad (1869)

1) This connected the east and west coasts of the United States for the first time.

2) It took 6 years to build and was eventually completed in Utah.

3) This dramatically improved transportation because before it took 6 months to go across the country but was now reduced to 6 days.

Knights of Labor (1869)

1) Early labor union that organized all types of workers, including skilled and unskilled workers, women, and African Americans.

2) Focused on broad social issues including having workers own the companies in which they worked.

3) Lost popularity after being blamed for the Haymarket Riot in Chicago.

Alexander Graham Bell (1876)

1) His most famous invention is the telephone.

2) He revolutionized communication because he figured out how to transmit actual speech, not just a paper message that had to be translated like a telegram. 3) On the day of his burial, all telephone service in the US was stopped for one minute in his honor.

Great Railroad Strike of 1877 (1877)

1) First major labor strike in US History

2) Workers of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad refused to work due to pay cuts which spread through the country 3) President Hayes used federal troops to restore order after workers were killed

Andrew Carnegie (1880s)

1) He was a Scottish immigrant who became one of the richest Americans of all time.

2) He made his money by mass producing steel and dominating the American steel industry.

3) He controlled every aspect of the steel-making process, including owning the coal mines, railroad lines, and steel factories.

Standard Oil Trust (1880s)

1) This was created by John D. Rockefeller and controlled 90% of its industry.

2) Buying out his competitors made John D. Rockefeller, its head, the richest American of all time.

3) Eventually this company was deemed a monopoly and was broken up into smaller companies.

Social Darwinism (Late 1880s)

1) This philosophy applied the idea of "survival of the fittest" to the economy.

2) Supporters of this argued that helping the poor would weaken the evolution of humans.

3) This was one theory meant to justify the wealth of many Americans during this time.

Gospel of Wealth (Late 1880s)

1) An article written by millionaire Andrew Carnegie

2) Argued that the wealthy have a responsibility to share their riches for the betterment of society

3) As a result of this, Andrew Carnegie gave away hundreds of millions of dollars and was the largest investor in public libraries in American history

American Federation of Labor (1886)

1) Longest-lasting labor union of the Industrial Era

2) Founded by Samuel Gompers and organized only skilled workers

3) Focused on "bread and butter" issues like better wages, hours and working conditions

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

1) First federal law against monopolies

2) Banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States

3) Not enforced until President Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement

Homestead Strike (1892)

1) Began near Pittsburg, PA at one of Andrew Carnegie's steel plants

2) Steel workers were upset over wages being cut so stopped working but ultimately did not gain higher wages

3) Workers were locked out of the plant which led to rioting and workers being killed

Pullman Strike (1892

1) This took place in Chicago and involved manufacturers of railroad "sleeping" cars.

2) The workers received a cut in wages and went on strike, affecting railroad travel in the U.S.

3) After union leaders were arrested, the Supreme Court approved the use of court injunctions to stop strikes, which essentially gave employers more power to break up unions.

Eugene V. Debs (1890s)

1) Leader of the American Railroad Union

2) He supported workers during the Pullman strike, and caused a massive disruption of railroads in the U.S.

3) He was jailed and turned to more drastic tactics to fight for better working conditions.

Sears and Roebuck (1890s)

1) One of the first and largest mail-order companies in the U.S.

2) Used railroads to ship products to consumers all over the country

3) Known for their catalogs that Americans used to place orders

Confederate States of America (1860-1865)

1) Southern states who seceded from the U.S. formed this.

2) Jefferson Davis was elected as the first president.

3) Their constitution limited the power of the government in order to maintain slavery.

Emancipation Proclamation (1863)

1) Issued by Lincoln after the Battle of Antietam, this mandated that slaves in rebelling states were free.

2) This technically freed only 1% of slaves, as it couldn't logically be enforced.

3) This changed the narrative of the war, as troops now fought against slavery, and not just against secession.

Gettysburg Address (1863)

1) This was given by Abraham Lincoln, months after the actual battle.

2) Lincoln mentioned ideals of liberty and equality as the basis of the founding of the United States.

3) By doing so, he created a larger purpose for the Civil War and established his commitment to continue the fight.

13th, 14th & 15th Amendments (1865, 1868, 1870)

The 13th Amendment abolished slavery.

2) The 14th Amendment declared that all persons born in the U.S. were citizens.

3) The 15th Amendment prohibited any state from denying anyone the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Black Codes (1865)

1) These were adopted by many southern states after the Civil War.

2) They were meant to prevent former slaves from having economic freedoms.

3) As a result, many were forced into a farming system that gave them little room for social mobility.

Freedmen’s Bureau (1865)

1) Agency established to help former black slaves and poor whites in the aftermath of the Civil War.

2) Served as an early example of a welfare agency, providing food, housing, medical aid, schooling, and legal assistance to those in need after the Civil War.

3) It had the greatest impact on the education of freed blacks, and it established 3,000 schools, including several colleges.

Radical Republicans (1866-1877)

1) Group led by Thaddeus Stephens and Charles Sumner who after the Civil War advocated for greater civil rights for blacks and policies that would punish Southern whites for their role in the war.

2) Led Congressional Reconstruction from 1866 to 1877, placing the Southern states under military control and forcing them to adopt the 14th Amendment.

3) They impeached President Andrew Johnson, but failed to remove him from office by 1 vote.

Sharecropping (late 1800s and early 1900s)

1) An agricultural system that emerged after the Civil War in which black and white farmers rented land and residences from a plantation owner in exchange for giving him a percentage of each year's crop.

2) Most former slaves were forced into this system because Reconstruction failed to address their economic needs.

3) Plantation owners manipulated the system to keep their tenant farmers in constant debt and poverty, unable to leave their plantations.

Ku Klux Klan (1867)

1) An extremist, white supremist group that was founded by former Confederate soldiers after the Civil War and was revived in the 1920s.

2) Its members cloaked themselves in sheets to conceal their identities and used violence to terrorize freed blacks and sympathetic whites in the South during Reconstruction.

3) This terrorist group used threats of violence to strip freed blacks of the rights that they earned during Reconstruction, including the right to vote.

Redeemers (1870s)

1) Southern Democratic politicians who sought to gain back control of the South towards the end of Reconstruction.

2) Wanted to restore the glory of the South by limiting the influence of Republicans, scalawags, carpet-baggers, and Freedmen in the southern states after the Civil War.

3) Worked to re-establish white supremacy in the South by establishing segregation and passing laws that made it harder for freed blacks to vote.

Compromise of 1877 (1877)

1) Agreement that resolved the 1876 election and officially ended Reconstruction.

2) In exchange for the Republican candidate, Rutherford B. Hayes, winning the presidency, Hayes agreed to end Reconstruction and withdraw the last federal troops from the South.

3) This deal allowed the Redeemers to regain power in the South.

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

1) Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of segregation laws emerging in the New South.

2) Case stated that as long as blacks were provided with "separate but equal" facilities, segregation laws did not violate the 14th Amendment.

3) Later court cases demonstrated the South was more interested in enforcing the "separate" than the "equal" part of the ruling, and black facilities were often poorly maintained and underfunded when compared to white facilities.

Jim Crow laws (1870s-1960s)

1) System of legalized racial segregation in the American South that sought to empower whites and strip African Americans of their social status.

2) Attempted to establish two separate societies by preventing racial mixing in schools, public transportation, restaurants, movie theaters, and even prevented interracial marriage.

3) This system of discrimination was often perpetuated through custom, violence, and intimidation.

Free-Soil Movement (1848-1865)

1) This was formed in response to the U.S. gaining more land after the Mexican War.

2) Believers in this were the first to oppose allowing slavery in new territories.

3) They wanted to protect the jobs of small white farmers.

Stephen Douglas (1850s)

1) He was a politician who defeated Abraham Lincoln in a congressional election but lost the presidency to him. 2) He believed that people should vote on if slavery should be allowed in a new territory (aka popular sovereignty).

3) Some Southerners wanted him to take a more aggressive stance on protecting slavery which split the Democratic party.

Know-Nothing party (1850s)

1) This group formed in reaction against the influx of Irish and German immigrants arriving to the United States.

2) Its main purpose was to oppose immigration.

3) It never won any national elections and waned in popularity.

Compromise of 1850 (1850)

1) This compromise was created by Henry Clay because California wanted to become a state, which would upset the balance between slave and free states in the U.S.

2) California was admitted to the union as a free state. Additionally, Utah and New Mexico allowed its residents to decide whether or not to permit slavery. The slave trade was also banned in Washington, D.C.

3) The most controversial aspect of it was the Fugitive Slave Law, which required the north to help southerners apprehend runaway slaves. This element of the compromise caused the most division, and many northerners resisted its enforcement.

Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)

1) This novel was written by Harriet Beecher Stowe and showed the human side to slavery.

2) The book depicted slave owners in a vicious and cruel manner, making readers empathetic to slaves.

3) It was the second-best-selling book of the 19th century (behind the Bible) and was so controversial that it was banned in parts of the South.

George Fitzhugh (1850s)

1) He was one of the most influential proponents of slavery in the 19th century through writing.

2) He argued that blacks were morally inferior to whites and could not survive in a free society.

3) He defended slavery by claiming that slaves were more free and enjoyed a better life than a factory-worker.

Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

1) This was proposed by Stephen Douglas who advocated for these territories being settled by popular sovereignty.

2) People within these territories got to vote if slavery would be allowed or not there which violated the 1820 Missouri Compromise line.

3) As a result many pro and anti-slavery advocates poured into the region which resulted in 55 deaths and was known as "Bleeding Kansas".

Founding of the Republican party (1854)

1) This was a response against the Kansas-Nebraska Act as many angry Northerners joined this.

2) Its main purpose was to not allow slavery to spread to new territories.

3) Abraham Lincoln was the first president elected from this group.

Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)

1) This Supreme Court case involved a slave arguing for his freedom after living in a free territory.

2) The court ruled that, as a slave, he had no right to sue in a court of law because he was not a citizen.

3) It also ruled the Missouri Compromise as unconstitutional because it excluded slavery from territories like Wisconsin.

John Brown’s raid on Harper’s Ferry (1859)

1) He led a raid on a federal arsenal, hoping to arm slaves and start a rebellion in Virginia.

2) The raid was unsuccessful, and he was tried and executed for treason.

3) Many in the south were frightened of similar events in the future.

Election of 1860 (1860)

1) The Democrats were divided over their candidates and split their support among two candidates, whereas the Republicans nominated Abraham Lincoln.

2) Lincoln won the election.

3) As a result of Lincoln's victory, South Carolina was the first state to secede from the union.

Underground Railroad (1830s-1850s)

1) A system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape routes out of the South to freedom in the North or Canada.

2) The Underground Railroad was neither underground, nor a railroad, but a system of homes, barns, churches, and businesses that helped runaway slaves hide and escape to the north.

3) The most famous "conductor" along the Underground Railroad was Harriet Tubman, who made at least 19 trips to the south, after escaping slavery herself.

Samuel Morse (1844)

1) Invented the telegraph.

2) Allowed people to send messages over a longer distance.

3) His invention was often built along the same lines as railroads to match the growth of transportation.

James K. Polk (1844

1.) Won the presidential election in 1844 (11th president of the U.S.) and was considered a "dark horse" candidate.

2.) Was a protégé of Andrew Jackson and ran on the platform of continued expansion and Manifest Destiny. Favored the annexation of Texas and acquisition of Oregon, rallying Americans under the slogan "Fifty-four Forty or Fight" to symbolize his commitment to acquiring the Oregon Territory.

3.) Was president during the Mexican War and was responsible for the Mexican Cession.

Annexation of Texas (1846)

1) Texas declared its independence from Mexico, which then led to debates over whether the U.S. should take it over or not.

2) Texas wasn't made a state right away due to the concerns over admitting another slave state.

3) Became an issue in 1844 presidential election with Polk who was in favor of Manifest Destiny.

Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

1) A war fought between the U.S. and Mexico over land.

2) Early cause was the annexation of Texas, but Manifest Destiny was the driving force of the war.

3) Ended with the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which led to the cession of a large portion of Mexico to the United States for 15 million dollars.

Wilmot Proviso (1846)

1) An unsuccessful proposal to ban slavery in the territory acquired in the Mexican-American War.

2) Proposed by a Northern congressman David Wilmot in order to stop the spread of slavery.

3) Showed that as the U.S. acquired more land, there were more debates over whether slavery should be extended.

“Fifty-four Forty or Fight” (1846)

1) This was the slogan of Polk and the Democratic party in the election of 1844.

2) Demanded that U.S. should take all land up to the southern border of Alaska or go to war.

3) Manifest Destiny was the driving force behind this but U.S. settled on the 49th parallel as the northern border.

Mexican Cession (1848)

1) The U.S. won this land as a result of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

2) This territory refers to the southwestern portion of the U.S.

3) This territory made the debate over the spread of slavery the prime issue of the 1850's.

California Gold Rush (1848)

1) Began when discovered at Sutter's Mill.

2) Caused a massive migration of settlers to move to the territory.

3) Led to this territory becoming a state in the Compromise of 1850.

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

1) The purchase of a large tract of land from Napoleon and the French after their failure in Haiti.

2) This greatly expanded borders of U.S. with land that would become parts of 11 states.

3) Also gave the U.S. a claim over the Oregon territory after the journey by Lewis and Clark.

Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804-1806)

1.) Thomas Jefferson sent them to investigate the resources the U.S. had acquired with the Louisiana Purchase.

2.) They crossed the Rockies and reached the Pacific Ocean by way of the Columbia River. They recorded the types of wildlife, plants, and number of Indian tribes. They mapped the region and promoted fur trading.

3.) The men relied on the help of a Shoshone Native American woman named Sacagawea, who served as an interpreter and valuable resource navigating the land.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

1) The Supreme Court decision that established the principle of judicial review.

2) Established the judicial branch as having the power to determine whether or not laws are unconstitutional. 3) This case was considered a landmark Supreme Court case, as now the court actually had power to determine whether laws violate the U.S. Constitution.

Embargo Act (1807)

1) This prohibited American merchant ships from sailing into foreign ports, which prohibited trade with other countries.

2) This was passed as a reaction to the impressment of American sailors by the British and as a way to preserve U.S. neutrality during the conflict between the British and the French.

3) The act decreased national unity and led to a severe decline in the American economy before its repeal.

Tecumseh (Early 1800s)

1) Shawnee warrior and chief who became the leader of a multi-tribal confederacy against the U.S.

2) While he was absent recruiting his brother, he lost the battle of Tippecanoe in the Indiana territory in 1811.

3) Sided with the British during the War of 1812 and was killed, ending the Native American alliance that existed among natives east of the Mississippi River.

Barbary Pirates (1801)

1) The name given to several renegade countries on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa who demanded money in exchange for refraining from attacking ships in the Mediterranean. From 1795-1801, the U.S. paid the Barbary states for protection against the pirates.

2) President Jefferson stopped paying the money, and the U.S. fought the Barbary Wars (1801-1805) against the countries of Tripoli and Algeria.

3) The war was unresolved, and the U.S. went back to paying the money.

War Hawks (1811-1812)

1) Democratic-Republican Congressmen who pressed James Madison to declare war on Britain.

2) Largely drawn from the South and West, the "war hawks" resented British constraints on American trade (impressment) and accused the British of supporting Indian attacks against American settlements on the frontier.

3) Led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun

Hartford Convention (1814-1815)

1) Event at which New England Federalists met to discuss their grievances concerning the ongoing War of 1812 and their concern over the increase of federal power in the government.

2) Discussed removing 3/5 Compromise, criticized Louisiana Purchase and Embargo Act, and wanted to limit presidential terms.

3) Led to the collapse of the Federalist Party, especially after New England states considered seceding from the union.

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

1.) This officially ended the War of 1812.

2.) This halted fighting and territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

3.) However, this never addressed the original issues that began the conflict (i.e. impressment).

Cotton Gin (1793)

1) Eli Whitney's machine that quickly separates fibers from their seeds increasing production.

2) This led to an increase in demand for slaves and slavery becoming entrenched in the South, eventually dividing the country in the Civil War.

3) As a result of this invention, the South dramatically increased production and the North's textile industry was bolstered.

Interchangeable Parts (1798)

1) This was first invented by Eli Whitney as a way to make easily manufactured firearms.

2) This increased the production of many goods during the Market Revolution, as each part of an object could easily be replaced.

3) This led to the use of an assembly line, which solidified the north as a center of manufacturing.

Robert Fulton (1807)

1) Engineer and inventor who created the first commercially successful steamboat.

2) This increased trade and transportation between the east and west.

3) The Clermont was the first successful steamboat and proved the viability of steam power.

James Monroe (1817-1825)

1.) He was the fifth president of the United States, serving two terms from 1817-1821 and 1821-1825.

2.) His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; and the creation of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas.

3.) His presidency is often referred to as the "Era of Good Feelings", as the nation was united under one political party: the Democratic-Republicans. This was a time of heightened nationalism after the War of 1812, and a strong desire for unity was present in the United States.

Lowell System (1811)

1) This allowed young women the opportunity to work in the textile industry and have their housing provided by employers.

2) Many women were from farming backgrounds, looking to make money for their families back home.

3) This system was eventually implemented by other factories, creating a northern textile industry.

Henry Clay’s American System (1816)

1) This was proposed to increase economic independence after the War of 1812.

2) It called for an increase in tariffs and a national bank.

3) The tariffs would then be used to finance internal improvements, such as roads and canals.

Missouri Compromise (1820)

1) This was meant to keep the balance of senators from slave and free states.

2) Missouri was admitted as a slave state and Maine was admitted as a free state.

3) Any state north of the 36/30 latitude line was to be a free state.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

1) This foreign policy initiative was meant to keep European powers out of the western hemisphere, stating that the U.S. was the sole protective power of all countries in North and South America.

2) In return, the U.S. promised not to intervene in European affairs.

3) Future presidents used this policy to justify imperial claims in the western hemisphere.

Erie Canal (1825)

1) This was built in New York by many Irish immigrants.

2)This linked western farms with eastern cities through the Great Lakes.

3) This led to improved transportation, which resulted in lower food costs and more settlement in the west.

Baltimore & Ohio Railroad (1830)

1) This was the first commercial line that linked the east coast with the Midwest .

2) This gradually began to replace canals as the major system of transportation.

3) This led to more lines being built, which led to an increased transport of goods and people across the country.

McCormick's Mechanical Reaper (1834)

1) This allowed farmers to harvest wheat more efficiently.

2) Farmers were able to sell more wheat as a result.

3) This allowed for the creation of larger corporate farms out west.

Irish Potato Famine (1840s)

1) This led to a destruction of crops and mass starvation.

2) As a result, over two million immigrants came to the U.S.

3) Lacking farming skills, they settled in major cities like New York and Boston and faced heavy discrimination.

German Revolution (1840s)

1) This was a series of protests in which people fought for basic freedoms, such as freedom of the press, assembly, and advocated for a representative government.

2) As a result, many fled to the U.S. and settled in mostly midwestern cities.

3) Many immigrants found success in farming.

Universal white male suffrage (1830s)

1) This began in Western states such as Illinois, Indiana, and Missouri and then spread elsewhere

2) This removed the religious and property qualifications for voting

3) As a result, voter participation dramatically increased

Spoils System (1830s)

1) Endorsed by Andrew Jackson

2) Method of exchanging government officials with ones that were loyal to the new administration

3) Jackson justified this by arguing that it allowed for new people to participate in government

Whig party (1830s)

1) Led by Henry Clay

2) Supported tariffs and national bank

3) Support came largely from Northern business owners

Trail of Tears (1838)

1) Refers to the forced migration of Cherokee Indians from Georgia to present-day Oklahoma

2) Native Americans initially protested this action and were supported by the U.S. Supreme Court but President Andrew Jackson refused to enforce the court's decision

3) About 4,000 Cherokee (¼ of the tribe) died on this journey due to hunger, disease, and exhaustion

Jackson’s bank veto (1832)

1) Caused by the President's belief that the national bank was unconstitutional and only benefited the wealthy

2) Henry Clay disagreed with this action

3) This led to the President transferring federal funds to various "pet banks" and ultimately contributed to a financial panic

Tariff of 1828 (1828)

1) This put an increased tax on imports which angered Southern farmers

2) Southerners labeled this "abominable" (horrible)

3) John Calhoun protested against this and threatened to nullify it