Central Dogma

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

is a biomolecule that has an essential role on how our cells produce proteins.

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Contains the genes that carry the genetic information that can be passed on from one generation to another.

Nucleotides

DNA is made up of chains of ____.

Deoxyribose, sugar-phosphate backbone

Each nucleotide consists of a five-carbon sugar called _____ and a _______ group.

without oxygen

Deoxy- means ________.

Sugar-phosphate backbone group

Make up the nitrogenous bases of DNA.

1. Cytosine

2. Guanine

3. Adenine

4. Thymine

Four nitrogenous bases found in DNA.

Purines

Their structure has two rings.P

Pyrimidines

Their structure only has one ring.

Adenine and Guanine

They are considered purines.

Cytosine and Thymine

They are considered pyrimidines.

Cytosine pairs with guanine and adenine pairs with thymine.

Chargaff’s Rule

Double helix

DNA is described as a ____, whose structure is similar to a twisted ladder.

five-carbon sugar and phosphate group

They form the handles of the ladder.

Nitrogenous base pairs

Creates the steps of the ladders.

Replication

Is the process wherein DNA produces new copies of itself.

Semiconservative

The process of replication is described as ___ because, after DNA replication, the new copies contain both the old strand and the new strand.

Inside the nucleus of the cell.

DNA Replication happens ____________.

Helicase

This will attach to one part of the DNA and opens it up, exposing the nitrogenous bases.

leadings strand and lagging strand.

The unzipped parts will constitute the __________.

Open strands

To stabilize the unzipped part of the DNA, the molecules of a single-strand binding protein will attach to the open strands.

Ribonucleic Acid Primer

This will attach to one part of the leading strand in a 5’-3’ direction.

DNA Polymerase

This will continuously synthesize RNA primer.

Okazaki Fragments

Because the lagging strand cannot be synthesized continuously, it creates _____.

DNA Ligase

Joins together the Okazaki Fragments.

Inside the nucleus

Protein synthesis starts ________.

Protein Synthesis

Starts when the RNA copies the nucleotide sequence of DNA.

Ribonucleic Acid

is single-stranded and is made up of a phosphate group and a five-carbon sugar.

Ribose

five-carbon sugar

1. Cytosine

2. Guanine

3. Adenine

4. Uracil

Nitrogenous bases that make up RNA.

mRNA

acts as a messenger that copies the nucleotide sequence of the DNA inside the nucleus and carries it out to the cytoplasm.

rRNA

Is the site where the proteins are assembled.

tRNA

carries amino acids and transfers them to the ribosome.

Transcription

This is where protein synthesis starts.

Transcription

Happens when the mRNA enters the nucleus and copies the nucleotide sequence of DNA.

RNA Polymerase

During transcription, an enzyme called ________ attaches to one part of the DNA.

promoter

Part of the DNA where RNA Polymerase attaches to.

one

Only ____ strand of DNA is used by RNA as a template in copying the nucleotides.

1. Initiation

2. Elongation

3. Termination

Three Phases of Transcription

initiation

The RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter in the DNA, which will signal the start of RNA Synthesis.

Initiation

In this phase, the mRNA copies the nucleotide sequences in the DNA following the base pairing rule; however, instead of thymine, mRNA uses Uracil to pair with adenine.

Elongation

The mRNA strands starts to separate from the DNA template, carrying with it the copied nucleotide sequences.

Termination

the RNA polymerase reaches the part of the DNA template called terminator.

Primase

Enzymes that synthesizes short RNA sequence.

DNA Polymerase

Enzyme that replicates DNA to build new strand.

Ligase

Enzyme which connects/binds two DNA strands together.