philosophy test 1

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phil 101 kennedy @ bellarmine uni

Last updated 6:33 PM on 1/25/23
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56 Terms

1
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“the first western philosopher"
thales
2
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the first to approach questions objectively
thales
3
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all things are ultimately water
thales
4
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who said “the many are related by the one”
thales
5
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who said “all things are number”
pythagoras
6
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what does “all things are number” mean
math is the language of nature or reality
7
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example of the connection between math and reality
music can be expressed mathematically
8
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who introduced the concept of form
pythagoras
9
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who said “form is the application of limit to the unlimited”
pythagoras
10
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who said “you cannot step into the same river twice”
heraclitus
11
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who said “all things are in flux”
heraclitus
12
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what did heraclitus believe was the central fact of reality
change
13
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who believed that fire is the best representation of reality and why
heraclitus, because it is always changing
14
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what is logos and who believed it
heraclitus believed that it is the thought that steers all things
15
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who believed that nothing exists without conflict, and all things are good and just
heraclitus
16
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who believed that change is unreal
parmenides
17
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who created the principle of intelligibility
parmenides
18
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parmenides’ principles about change
change requires that something new comes to be, it cannot come from nothing, and it cannot come from something because then it already was
19
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what is parmenides’ key assumption
being is absolute, it is undivided and unqualified
20
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who created paradoxes to support parmenides
zeno
21
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“reductio”
to reduce with contradictions, from Zeno
22
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who created the parable of the millet seed and Achilles & the tortoise
zeno
23
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name the three sophists
protagoras, thrasymachus, callicles
24
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what did the sophists have in common
all relativists, truth is relative to circumstance
25
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who thought that rhetoric was the most important teaching
the sophists
26
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who said “man is the measure of all things”
protagoras
27
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who said “justice is the advantage of the stronger”
thrasymachus
28
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who said the rules are made by the weak
callicles
29
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who said that humans invented morality
callicles
30
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who asked “what is a good human life?”
socrates
31
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who said “the unexamined life is not worth living”
socrates
32
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who said “a good person cannot be harmed” and what does it mean
socrates, true self is the soul, no one can turn you evil
33
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who said “it is better for you if someone proves that you are wrong than for you to prove that they are wrong” and what does it mean
socrates, you’re learning something if you are corrected
34
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what did socrates describe himself as and why
a midwife, because he is just the guide for knowledge within people
35
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who said “knowledge is virtue, ignorance is vice” and what does it mean
socrates, people seek what appears to be good
36
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who said “the process by which we gain knowledge is dialectic”
socrates
37
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what is the name of the university that plato started
the academy
38
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what was plato’s “golden thread” (driving factor)
he was a passionate objectivist, there is a truth that is knowable
39
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what are the four elements of knowledge
idea has to be true, has to be backed by reason, has to endure or last, and must be taught by instruction and not persuasion
40
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connect the allegory of the cave to reality
the visible world is the dark world of the cave and the intelligible world is the bright world of light outside the cave
41
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what is the most real thing in terms of good, according to plato
the sun
42
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in plato’s eyes, why do humans make mistakes
we are mostly encountering shadows and not intelligible knowledge
43
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what’s another name for the forms
true objects of knowledge
44
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define the forms
the eternal, changeless, immaterial essences or patterns of which the things we see are but poor copies
45
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t/f forms are more real than the physical objects that are copies of them
true
46
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what is the highest form? the most real thing? the source of all that is?
the form of the good
47
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what are the four levels of knowledge in order?
imagination, opinion, science, dialectic
48
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what’s the difference between opinion and science
opinion is something not backed by reason, we can’t explain it, whereas science is backed by reason, we can explain it
49
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what are the 3 parts of plato’s moral theory
he agrees that knowledge is virtue and ignorance is vice, theory of the soul, and virtue is the fulfillment of function
50
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what are the three parts of the soul and what are their functions
reason: limits and time management, spirit: motivation, desire: seeks pleasure
51
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which part of the soul should be the driver of the chariot
reason
52
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when reason fulfills its purpose, what does it become
the virtue of wisdom
53
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when spirit fulfills its purpose, what does it become
the virtue of courage
54
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when desire fulfills its purpose, what does it become
the virtue of moderation
55
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when all three parts of the soul are fulfilled, what does it become
the virtue of justice
56
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name the 4 cardinal virtues
the virtue of wisdom, courage, moderation, and justice