Biomed

Independent variable

What you change in an experiment

Dependent variable

What you measure in an experiment

Fingerprint patterns

Loop, whorl, arch

Erythrocyte

Red blood cell that carries oxygen

Leukocyte

White blood cell used for immunity

Thrombocyte

Platelets for clotting

Plasma

Liquid that transports cells

Type A blood

A antigen, anti-B antibody

Type O blood

No antigens, both antibodies

Universal donor

Type O

Universal recipient

Type AB

DNA charge

Negative due to phosphate groups

Gel electrophoresis movement

DNA moves from negative → positive

Shortest DNA fragments

Move farthest

Restriction enzymes

Used to cut DNA

Purines

A, G (double ring)

Pyrimidines

C, T (single ring)

Deoxyribose

Sugar in DNA

Manners of death

Natural, homicide, suicide, accident, undetermined

Algor mortis

Body cooling

Rigor mortis

Stiffening

Livor mortis

Blood pooling

Decomposition

Tissue breakdown

Histology

Study of tissues

Right side of heart

Deoxygenated blood

Left side of heart

Oxygenated blood

Full blood flow

RA → tricuspid → RV → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary vein → LA → mitral → LV → aorta

Systolic pressure

Top number, pressure during contraction

Diastolic pressure

Bottom number

Normal BP

~120/80 mmHg

Protein synthesis steps

Transcription (nucleus), translation (ribosome)

mRNA

Carries code

tRNA

Brings amino acids

rRNA

Part of ribosome

Mitosis

2 identical cells

Meiosis

4 unique gametes

Punnett Square FH: Fh × hh

50% homozygous recessive

Cancer (malignant)

Spreads

LDL

Bad cholesterol

HDL

Good cholesterol

High LDL causes

Plaque buildup/atherosclerosis

Raises LDL

Saturated fat, inactivity, smoking

Stent

Metal mesh opens artery

Angioplasty

Balloon opens artery

CABG

Bypass blocked artery

Statins

Lower LDL

Insulin

Moves glucose into cells

Glucagon

Raises blood sugar

Type 1 diabetes

No insulin

Type 2 diabetes

Insulin resistant

Immune system innate

Fast, general (skin, macrophages)

Immune system adaptive

Specific (B cells, T cells)

B-cells

Produce antibodies

T-cells

Helper + cytotoxic

Gram stain order

Crystal violet → iodine → alcohol → safranin

Gram +

Thick peptidoglycan, purple

Gram -

Thin peptidoglycan + LPS, pink

Aseptic technique

Flame loop, don't re-dip, don't open plate fully

6 pathogens

Bacteria, virus, fungus, protozoa, helminth, prion

Not alive pathogens

Virus, prion

Antibiotics treat

Bacteria only

Coccus shape

Round

Patient case diagnosis

Familial Hypercholesterolemia

FH treatment

Statins, exercise, diet changes, weight control