ap exam 2

the right side of the heart receives blood from the body and pumps through ___________ circulation to the lungs.

pulmonary

the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the tissues of the body is accomplished through

systemic

what is not a function of the heart?

providing a location for gas exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide

the epicardium

covers the surface of the heart

A serious condition in which a large amount of fluid accumulates in the pericardial cavity and puts pressure of the heart is

cardiac tamponade

Blood in the pulmonary veins returns to the

left atrium

coronary artery disease can diminish myocardial blood flow, resulting in the death of myocardial cells. this condition is known as a myocardial

infarction

what is the foramen ovale?

an opening between the right and left atria in the embryo and fetus

the AV valve that is located on the same side of the heart as the origin of the aorta is the

bicuspid or mitral valve

the valve located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk is the

pulmonary semilunar valve

the chordae tendineae

connect the flaps of the AV valves to the papillary muscles

which vessels empty blood into the left atrium

pulmonary veins

from the right ventricle, blood flows directly into the __________

pulmonary trunk

blood in the superior vena cava will enter the ______

right atrium

an incompetent pulmonary semilunar valve could result in less blood reaching the

lungs

the first and second heart sounds are most directly related to

vibrations that occur when the valves close

the volume of blood pumped during each cardiac cycle is the

stroke volume

chemoreceptors sensitive to blood oxygen levels are primarily located in the

carotid arteries

the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of

capillaries

from the heart to body tissues, which of the following sequences of vessels is correct?

elastic artery, muscular artery, arteriole, capillary

veins

may contain valves and are lined with endothelium

which of the following arteries branched directly from the aortic arch?

brachiocephalic artery

the three major arteries of the upper limb that form a continuum are the

subclavian, axillary, and brachial arteries

the kidneys are supplied by the

renal arteries

the longest vein in the body is the

great saphenous vein

the hepatic portal system

all are correct

according to Poiseuille’s law,

if resistance increases, flow decreases

according to the Laplace’s Law, as the diameter of a blood vessel increases, the force applied to the wall of that vessel

increases

the greater the compliance the

the more easily the vessel wall stretches

which of the following is NOT a major point where the pulse can be monitored?

ulnar artery

which of the following hormones does NOT influence blood pressure?

growth hormone

which of the following is NOT a long-term regulator of blood pressure?

oxygen tension response

which of the following is NOT involved in short-term regulation of blood pressure?

alteration in blood volume

germinal centers are the sited of

proliferation of lymphocytes in the lymph nodes

when innate immunity is activated

each exposure produces the same response

which of the following is true of adaptive immunity?

the second response is faster and stronger than the first

which of the following most accurately describes how foreign substances can activate complement?

antibodies can bind to foreign antigens and activate complement through the classical pathway and foreign substances can bind to spontaneously activated C3 and stabilize it.

interferon production is stimulated by

a viral infection

in a patient experiencing a parasitic worm infection, which of the following will greatly increase in number?

eosinophils

natural killer (NK) cells

secrete enzymes that kill tumor or virus-infected cells

adaptive immunity is stimulated by

antigens

the effects of cell-mediated immunity are the result of activities of

cytotoxic T cells

primary lymphatic organs include the

red bone marrow and thymus

the MHC (major histocompatibility complex) class molecules

allow the immune system to respond to antigen inside cells

which of the following are correctly matched?

IgA - found in saliva and tears

the HIV virus infects

helper T cells

transfusing a person with plasma proteins from a person or an animal that has been actively immunized against a specific antigen provides

passive immunity

if you receive an immunization for hepatitis B and produce antibodies against the hepatitis B virus, you have developed what type of adaptive immunity?

active artificial immunity

the type of adaptive immunity that provides immediate protection against disease when there is no time for the person to develop their own immunity is called ________ immunity

passive innate

a child is born with a congenital disease that results in a total loss of B cells. which of the following would be a consequence of this immunodeficiency?

lack of antibody formation