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Element
A pure substance made of only one kind of atom
Atom
Basic unit of matter
proton
A subatomic particle that has a positive charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom
Nuetron
A subatomic particle that has no charge and that is found in the nucleus of an atom
electron
A subatomic particle that has a negative charge
chemical change
A change that occurs when one or more substances change into entirely new substances with different properties.
metals
Elements that are good conductors of electric current and heat.
metalloids
elements with properties that fall between those of metals and nonmetals
nonmetals
Elements that are poor conductors of heat and electric current
geothermal energy
Energy from steam or hot water produced from hot or molten underground rocks.
wind energy
The energy captured by transforming the motion of air into electrical energy using a turbine
hydroelectric energy
electrical energy produced by the flow of water
solar energy
energy from the sun that is converted into thermal or electrical energy
nuclear power
electric or motive power generated by a nuclear reactor.
coal
A fossil fuel that forms underground from partially decomposed plant material
oil
A liquid fossil fuel formed from marine organisms that is burned to obtain energy and used in the manufacture of plastics.
natural gas
flammable gas, consisting largely of methane and other hydrocarbons, occurring naturally underground (often in association with petroleum) and used as fuel.
streak
the color of a mineral's powder
mineral
a naturally occurring, inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition
potential energy
stored energy that results from the position or shape of an object
kinetic energy
the energy an object has due to its motion
average speed
total distance divided by total time
chemical energy
A form of potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds between atoms.
Asthenosphere
The soft layer of the mantle on which the tectonic plates move
Lithosphere
the solid, outer layer of the earth that consists of the crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle
convection current
a current caused by the rising of heated fluid and sinking of cooled fluid
inner core
A dense sphere of solid iron and nickel at the center of Earth
metamorphic rock
A type of rock that forms from an existing rock that is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions.
sedimentary rock
A type of rock that forms when particles from other rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together
igneous rock
a type of rock that forms from the cooling of molten rock at or below the surface
rock cycle
A series of processes on the surface and inside Earth that slowly changes rocks from one kind to another
plate tectonics
The theory that pieces of Earth's lithosphere are in constant motion, driven by convection currents in the mantle.
meteor
A streak of light in the sky produced by the burning of a meteoroid in Earth's atmosphere.
asteroid
any of numerous small celestial bodies composed of rock and metal that move around the sun (mainly between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter)
comet
a frozen mass of different types of ice and dust orbiting the sun
gravity
A force of attraction between objects that is due to their masses.
Eukaryotic cells
Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes.
prokaryotic cell
A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles; found only in the domains Bacteria and Archaea.
biotic
living
abiotic
Non-living things
kingdoms
Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
domains
Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
levels of oranization
organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere
dochotomous key
Tool used to sort organisms by paired similarities or differences based on a series of questions.
food chain
A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten
Force equation
Force = mass x acceleration
lattitude lines
imaginary lines drawn on a map or globe and run east and west and measure distances north or south of the equator. closer you are to the equator the warmer it is.
longitude lines
Imaginary north-south lines that run vertically around the globe parallel to the Prime Meridian.
topographic map
A map that shows the surface features of an area.
density formula
Density = mass/volume
binary fission
A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size
budding
A form of asexual reproduction of yeast in which a new cell grows out of the body of a parent.
fragmentation
A means of asexual reproduction whereby a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into whole new individuals.
amino acids
building blocks of proteins
Nulceic acids
Class of molecules to which DNA belongs
proteins
Nutrients the body uses to build and maintain its cells and tissues. chains of amino acids
hormones
chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues
hemoglobin
An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen.
Punnett Square
A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross
meiosis
Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms
mitosis
cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes
qualitative data
Information describing color, odor, shape, or some other physical characteristic
Quantitative
Data that is in numbers
elastic potential energy
the energy of stretched or compressed objects
celestial
having to do with the sky or heavens
energy
the ability to do work
RNA
A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic messages
DNA
A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.
Parallax
An apparent shift in the position of an object when viewed from different locations
neurons
Individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information.
methane
CH4
composite volcano
A tall, cone-shaped mountain in which layers of lava alternate with layers of ash and other volcanic materials
sheild volcano
a wide gentle slopping volcano made of layers of lava and formed by quiet erruptions.
cinder cone
volt
volt
Unit of electric pressure
ohm
unit of electrical resistance
amp
A unit of electric strength
convex lens
A piece of transparent glass curved so that the middle is thicker than the edges
concave lens
a lens that is thinner in the middle than at the edges
Solstice
Time when the Sun is farthest from the equator.
Equinox
The two days of the year on which neither hemisphere is tilted toward or away from the sun
wavelength
The distance between two corresponding parts of a wave
white blood cells
Blood cells that perform the function of destroying disease-causing microorganisms
red blood cells
Blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells.
Commensalism
A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected
Mutualism
A relationship between two species in which both species benefit
parasitism
One organism benefits and the other is harmed
symbiosis
A relationship in which two different organisms live in close association with each other
golgi complex
organelle that modifies, packages, and transports material out of the cell.
mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production
ribosome
Makes proteins
