SDSU BIO 101 EXAM 3

What is the difference between "regular" and "irregular" echinoids?

Perfect fivefold (pentaradial) symmetry

Overlapping scales for water retention is a synapomorphy of the tetrapod clade:

Reptillia (reptiles)

Which of the following features does a sea star (Asteroidea) share with you (Vertebrata)?

anus that develops before the mouth

Approximately half of all living species of vertebrate belongs to the clade called:

Actinopterygii

Modern birds have a bone that we call the "wishbone", which is a fusion of the collarbones (clavicles) that stabilizes the shoulder joint. What is the correct name for the bone?

Furcula

In bony fishes, the (blank) is a bony flap that covers the gills of the fish.

Operculum

Which of the following groups includes the only parasitic vertebrates?

Petromyzontida (lampreys)

Archosauria includes the monophyletic clades Dinosauria and its sister taxon:

Corcodylia

Some amphibians are oviparous while others are viviparous. What does it mean to be oviparous?

Lay eggs

In some amphibians, such as the axlotl (Urodela), the juvenile trait of gills is retained in adults. This phenomenon is called:

paedomorphism

The evolution of (blank) allowed birds to inhabit the unoccupied aerial (airborne) niche, but it came at a high energetic cost.

flight

Your crazy fourth cousin twice removed smuggled you the cutest little animal that she discovered in undergrowth nearby, but not in, the Irrawaddy River in Myanmar. The animal is covered with bumpy and leathery skin, long claws on its toes, a sprawling posture (rather than erect with limbs held directly under the body), and it has a long and slender snout with numerous teeth that all look the same. As you hold the animal in your arms, you notice that the animal is cold to the touch, but it quickly warms to a temperature close to your own. You feed the animal a piece of raw chicken, and the creature can breathe easily while its mouth is filled with food. What has your cousin brought you?

gharial

To which larger reptile clade do snakes (Serpentes) belong?

Squamata

What is the hypothesis for the origin of jaws in Gnathostomata?

pharyngeal arches between gill slits

What is the key synapomorphy that is shared by all members of Amniota, but no other vertebrate?

Amniotic egg

In Deuterostomia, the (blank) develops from the blastopore. (I.e., it is the first opening to develop in the embryo.

Anus

Based on the number of temporal openings (windows) in the skull, squamate reptiles are considered to be (blank) reptiles.

disapsid

Male squamate reptiles possess paired copulatory organs called:

hemipenes

What feature, which is shared by all archosaurs, allows those animals to breathe and eat at the same time?

secondary bony palate

. Which of the following is an adaptation (not exaptation) for terrestrial locomotion (movement) that was first observed in the earliest tetrapods?

feet with digits (toes)

. Which of the following features is not possessed by all chordates?

vertebrae

Which of the following is not a member of the monophyletic clade Osteichthyes (name literally means "bony fish")?

great white shark (Chondrichthyes)

Lobe-finned fish that were thought to have gone extinct 70 million years ago, but were caught off the coast of South Africa in 1938, is called:

Actinistia (coelacanth)

The ventral (underside) plate on a turtle's shell is known as the:

plastron

(Blank) are elongate, limbless, burrowing amphibians with no tail that inhabit the tropical forests of South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia. Caecilians (Apoda)

Cacilians (Apoda)

What is the special name of the mineralized mouth structure that is only found in regular echinoids (Echinodermata), such as sea urchins?

Aristotles Lantern

How is caudal autotomy (separation of tail from body) beneficial to the survival of those squamate reptiles that possess the peculiar attribute?

Allows individual to escape predators

The (blank) is the extraembryonic membrane that contains the amniotic fluid around the developing embryo in the amniotic egg of amniotes.

Amnion

The (blank) skull of squamate reptiles has moveable joints that enables better mechanics to seize and manipulate prey.

kinetic

Which of the following features is a synapomorphy for Sarcopterygii ("lobe-finned" fish) that was later co-opted as an exaptation for terrestrial locomotion in tetrapods?

fleshy limbs with internal bony elements

The clade Amniota is composed of two major monophyletic groups - Reptilia and:

Mammalia (mammals)

During your exciting Spring Break trip to Sri Lanka, you encounter an elongate animal with four tiny legs (equipped with 5 toes each) walking along the muddy bank of a small fresh water pond. The creature feels like it has an internal skeleton made of bone, a long and slender tail extending behind the cloaca, and no gills. (Presumably it has lungs, but you didn't dissect the animal.) It has smooth skin without scales, as well as a distinctive head region with eyes. You determine that the animal is a female of its species as you observe it laying a small clutch of eggs at the water's edge. What have you found?

salamander (urodela)

What was Tiktaalik roseae?

sarcopterygian (lobe-finned fish) with both "fish"-like and tetrapod-like features

What is the function of the pineal organ?

secrete seratonin to regulate circadian rhythm in vertebrates

What is the name of the internal skeleton of echinoids (Echinodermata)?

test

The notochord is a synapomorphy that is present in all chordates at some point during their development. However, the notochord is greatly modified and almost unrecognizable in derived vertebrates. What body part of adult terrestrial vertebrates is developed from the notochord?

intervertebral discs

All of the following animals are members of Archosauria except for:

alligator lizard (Squamata)

Tiger sharks (Chondrichthyes), tiger salamanders (Amphibia), and tigers (Mammalia) are all members of the clade Vertebrata. Which of the following features do those animals all possess?

Myoglobin

Pedicellariae are small appendages that end in pincers surrounding spines that are used in defense and grooming in which of the following clades?

Echinoidea (sea urchins) & asteroida

Chordates and hemichordates (along with echinoderms) belong to the animal clade:

Deuterostomia

What feature is shared by lungfish (Dipnoi) and terrestrial vertebrates (Tetrapoda) that is not found in any other vertebrate?

internal nostril (through roof of mouth)

Which of the following vertebrates have both lungs and gills during their adult lives?

Lungfish (Dipnoi)

The (blank) is used by fishes and some amphibians to detect vibrations in the water.

lateral line system

What is the unique adaptation that hagfish (Myxini) have evolved to escape predation?

secretion of slime to clog predators gills

The gender of turtles and some squamate reptiles is dictated by (blank) during embryonic development.

nest temperature

What is the advantage/ function of the temporal openings (windows) in the skulls of amniotes?

the openings allow space for larger jaw muscles to expand

Smooth skin (without scales) with mucus and/ or poison glands is a synapomorphy of the gnathostome clade:

Amphibia(frogs, salamanders, & caecilians)

ake a look at Dr. Ekdale, your BIOL 101 professor. What a snake-in-the-grass for giving you this test, huh? But he's not really a snake. To which of the following clades does Dr. Ekdale belong? (Note: there is only one best answer.)

all of the above, (bilatarian, deutrosome, chordata, vetrabrata, gnathostomata, sarcopterigian, tetrapoda, mammalia)