Readings of the Philippine History

Flashcards about the history of the Philippine Constitution, agrarian reform, and taxation.

1935 Constitution of the Philippines

The first official constitution of the Philippines, created during the American colonial period to prepare the country for independence.

1973 Constitution of the Philippines

Enacted during the time of President Ferdinand Marcos after he declared Martial Law in 1972, shifting the government system to a parliamentary model.

1987 Constitution of the Philippines

Created after the People Power Revolution of 1986, restoring a presidential system with a strong emphasis on democracy and human rights.

Hare-Hawes Cutting Act

What act promised Philippine independence after a 10-year transition period but reserved several military and naval bases for the U.S.?

Manuel L. Quezon

Who opposed the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act because he believed the law had unfavorable conditions for the country?

Tydings–McDuffie Act

What act officially granted the Philippines independence after a 10-year transition period as a Commonwealth, replacing the earlier Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act?

Filipinos are now independent and have a national territory

What are the significant details of the 1935 Philippine Constitution regarding Filipino independence and national territory?

Parliamentary system

What system of government was established in the 1973 Constitution?

Democratic Government

What system of government was re-established in the 1987 Constitution?

Redistributing land from landlords to tenant-farmers to give them a chance to own land

What is the purpose of agrarian reform in the Philippines?

Encomienda

What were royal land grants given to Spanish officials who collected taxes from Filipinos called?

Maura Decree

What system required Filipinos to register their lands within 1 year to get a legal title, leading to land loss if they failed?

Torrens System of Land Registration

Which system introduced legal land titles and formal registration for landowners during the American colonial period?

Abolished the LASEDECO and established the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA)

What did Republic Act No. 1160 of 1954 abolish and what did it establish to resettle dissidents and landless farmers?

Abolished share tenancy and institutionalized leasehold

What did Republic Act No. 3844 of August 8, 1963, abolish, and what did it institutionalize for tenant farmers?

Emancipating farmers from the bondage of the soil

What was the main goal of Presidential Decree No. 27 issued on October 21, 1972, during the Marcos regime?

Determination of the land to be transferred and financing

What were the two aspects of land distribution under Presidential Decree No. 27?

Declared full ownership to qualified farmer-beneficiaries covered by PD 27

What did Executive Order No. 228, issued on July 16, 1987, declare regarding qualified farmer-beneficiaries covered by PD 27?

Pres. Corazon C. Aquino

Who was the president when Republic Act No. 6657, also known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARP), was signed?

Greater agro-productivity

What were KALAHI Agrarian Reform (KAR) Zones designed to achieve in terms of agro-productivity?

Political interest & greed, failure of land transfer, circumvention of law, lack of political will, lack of justice & equality, lack of sufficient funds, implementation of law, technology & materials

What are some of the problems of agrarian reform?

Through the process of production

How does transformation occur in the theory of taxation?

Taxation

What is the government's power to impose burdens or charges upon persons, property, or property rights?

Fiscal adequacy, equality or theoretical justice, administrative feasibility

What are the three basic principles of taxation?

Raise revenues for public needs

What is the primary purpose of taxation?

15% excess over 250,000

What is the tax rate for individuals with an income of 250,000 - 400,000 annually?

Transfer of the burden of a tax from the original payer to someone else

What is shifting in the context of forms of escape from taxation?