Modes of Film and Video Production Midterm

What Determines Exposure?

The size of the aperture

Aperture

How much light is coming through the lens, measured in f-stops

F-Stop

Measurement of aperture size, each one letting in half as much light

Depth of Field

How much of the image is in focus

What determines depth of field?

Aperture, focal length, distance from subject

ISO

International Standardization Organization, quantifies how sensitive the film sensor is to light

Color Temperature

Light temperatures have different energy levels (measured in Kelvin), create different color temperatures of light

White Balance

Setting this correctly helps the colors in your image look more accurate

Focal Length

the optical measurement of a lens

Prime Lenses

Fixed focal length

Zoom lenses

adjustable focal length

Wide Angle Lens (20 mm and under)

Depth is exaggerated, straight lines are distorted

Normal Lens (25-50mm)

Image is similar to our eyes

Telephoto Lens (70mm and up)

Compresses depth and magnifies

Camera height

The position of the camera above the ground & in relation to the subject.

Camera Angle

The angle at which the camera is pointed at the subject

Shot Size

Refers to the size of your subject in the frame

Wide Shot/Establishing Shot

Usually full-body image

Medium shot

waist up

Close-up

Head and shoulders

Screen Direction

When people leave the right side of the frame, they enter on the left (maintaining continuity)

180 degree rule

A pretend axis that goes between two characters to preserve an on-screen spatial relationship

When is it okay to break the 180 degree rule (cross the line)?

subject changes direction on camera, POV shots, camera crosses the line in continuous shot

Compositional Guidelines

Rule of thirds, head room, balance, angles, frame within a frame, leading lines, backgrounds

Cutting on Action

Cutting from one shot to another while the subject is still in motion

Clean Entrances/Exits

Holding a shot before and after an action occurs

Exterior Lighting

Place subject facing the sun, use a reflector, or use a fill light to brighten shadowed areas

Interior Lighting

focusing quartz, broads, and soft lights are all used for this

Fill Lighting

A light just bright enough to fill in the shadows made by the key light

Hard Lighting

illumination that creates sharp-edged shadows, created by using a narrow, focused area of light

Soft Lighting

Illumination that avoids harsh bright and dark areas, creating a gradual transition from highlights to shadows. Created by using more spread out light sources

Three-Point Lighting

A common arrangement using three directions of light on a scene: from behind the subjects (backlighting), from one bright source (key light), and from a less bright source balancing the key light (fill light).

Mise-en-scene

The staging, lighting, and framing of bodies, subjects, etc. Can also include: quality of light, setting, production design, costumes

Amplitude

Height of a sound wave (determines volume)

Frequency

the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time (determines pitch)

List the Microphone Types

lavalier, hand mike, supercardioid/shotgun mike

Lavalier Mike

A microphone that clips to a lapel (omnidirectional pickup pattern)

Hand Mike

All-purpose, can be dynamic or condenser (omnidirectional or cardioid pickup pattern)

Shotgun Mike

highly directional and is aimed from a distance at a specific area (supercardioid pickup pattern)

Omnidirectional

picks up sound in all directions

Cardioid

Heart-shaped pickup pattern of a unidirectional microphone.

Supercardioid

Very narrow area of sensitivity

Wild Sound

Recording a sound effect closeup and without picture

Presence/Room Tone

The sound of a location without any single sound dominating

3 Types of Listening

Reduced, semantic, causal listening

Syncresis

forging a connection between what we hear and what we see

Causal Listening

A form of listening that asks, what is causing this sound? (we do this instinctively)

Semantic Listening

Listening to understand meaning

Reduced Listening

Focused on the qualities and textures of sound

Acousmatic Sound

Sound we hear without seeing its source

Diegetic Music

Music that comes from the world of the film

Non-Diegetic Music

Music that does not come from the world of the film

Action Match Cuts

A cut from one shot to another where the two are similar in action

Graphic Match Cut

A cut from one shot to another where the two shots have similar imagery/shapes

Montage

A series of related shots used to condense time or distance, set a mood, or summarize information (work best using different angles/imagery)

Shooting Ratio

The amount of footage that was filmed compared to the amount seen in the final film

Walter Murch's Six Rules

Emotion, Story, Rhythm, Eye-Trace, 3-dimensional plane of screen, 3-dimensional continuity