Women's suffrage

Moral Movement

Focuses on changing societal perceptions and attitudes towards women's rights to vote. Utilized peaceful protests, marches, and public demonstrations. Advocated through publications, speeches, and lobbying efforts to influence public opinion.

State-by-State Movement

Aimed to secure women's suffrage at the state level. Focused on convincing individual states to grant women the right to vote. Engaged in grassroots campaigns, emphasizing state referendums and legislation.

Constitutional Amendment Movement

Aimed at a nationwide, constitutional amendment guaranteeing women's suffrage. Led a national campaign, lobbying the federal government for an amendment. Employed tactics like hunger strikes, picketing the White House, and civil disobedience.

Susan B. Anthony

Key figure in the Women's Suffrage Movement. Advocated for women's rights through publications, speeches, and lobbying efforts. Played a crucial role in raising awareness about gender inequality and suffrage rights.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Key figure in the Women's Suffrage Movement. Advocated for women's rights through publications, speeches, and lobbying efforts. Played a crucial role in raising awareness about gender inequality and suffrage rights.

Alice Paul

Key figure in the Women's Suffrage Movement. Advocated for women's rights through publications, speeches, and lobbying efforts. Played a crucial role in raising awareness about gender inequality and suffrage rights.

Lucy Stone

Key figure in the Women's Suffrage Movement. Advocated for women's rights through publications, speeches, and lobbying efforts. Played a crucial role in raising awareness about gender inequality and suffrage rights.

Wyoming

First state to grant women full suffrage in 1869. Set an example for other states to follow, leading to a piecemeal expansion of suffrage.

19th Amendment

Constitutional amendment ratified in 1920, granting women the right to vote nationwide. Marked a pivotal victory in the fight for gender equality in the United States.

Affirmative Action

Aims to address historical discrimination by promoting opportunities for underrepresented groups. Employers, universities, and government agencies adopt policies to increase diversity and representation.

Preferential Treatment

Utilized in Affirmative Action policies to give preferential treatment or quotas in hiring or admissions to underrepresented groups.

Reverse Discrimination

Criticism of Affirmative Action for potentially discriminating against majority groups. Legal challenges asserting violations of the Equal Protection Clause.

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

Supreme Court case in 1978 that shaped Affirmative Action practices. Ruled that quotas for racial minorities were unconstitutional. Affirmed the legality of considering race as one of several factors in admissions decisions.

Diversity

A compelling interest in Affirmative Action policies. Allows race to be a consideration but not the sole determinant in admissions.

Phillips v Martin Marietta

Supreme Court case that established legal precedent against gender-based discrimination in employment. Ruled against Martin Marietta's discriminatory hiring policy against women with young children.

Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964

Prohibits discrimination based on sex in hiring practices. Strengthened protections for women in the workforce.

13th Amendment

Ratified in 1865, it abolished slavery in the United States.

Involuntary servitude

Forced labor or service against one's will.

14th Amendment

Ratified in 1868, it addressed citizenship rights and equal protection under the law.

Citizenship Clause

States that all persons born or naturalized in the United States are citizens.

Equal Protection Clause

States that no state shall deny any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

Due Process Clause

States that no state shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.

15th Amendment

Ratified in 1870, it aimed to guarantee voting rights regardless of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Previous condition of servitude

Refers to a person's past status as a slave or indentured servant.

Civil Rights

The rights of individuals to receive equal treatment and protection under the law.

Voting Rights

The right to participate in the electoral process by casting a vote.

Poll Taxes

Taxes imposed on individuals as a requirement for voting, often used to disenfranchise African Americans.

Literacy Tests

Tests administered to determine a person's literacy skills, often used to prevent African Americans from voting.

Violent Intimidation

The use of force or threats to discourage or prevent someone from exercising their rights, such as voting.

Civil Rights Advancement

The progress made in expanding civil rights and protections for African Americans.

Jim Crow Laws

Laws that enforced racial segregation and discrimination in the Southern United States.

Systemic Discrimination

Discrimination that is embedded within social, economic, and political systems.

Desegregation

The process of ending racial segregation and ensuring equal treatment for all individuals.

Segregation

The enforced separation of different racial or ethnic groups, especially in public facilities.

Plessy v. Ferguson

A landmark Supreme Court case that upheld racial segregation under the doctrine of 'separate but equal'

Separate but equal

The doctrine that allowed for racial segregation as long as the separate facilities were deemed equal.

NAACP

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, a civil rights organization.

Desegregation Efforts

Actions taken to end racial segregation and promote integration.

Selma, Alabama

A city in Alabama that played a significant role in the civil rights movement.

Edmund Pettus Bridge

A bridge in Selma, Alabama, where the first attempted march to Montgomery took place.

Bloody Sunday

Refers to the violent confrontation between marchers and state troopers on the Edmund Pettus Bridge.

Lyndon B. Johnson

The President of the United States during the Selma voting rights campaign.

Voting Rights Act

A landmark piece of legislation passed in 1965 to protect the voting rights of African Americans.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Overrules Plessy v. Ferguson. Racial segregation violates 14th Amendment Equal Protection Clause ("separate is inherently unequal")

Dress Scott v. Sanford

A case in which the Court decided that slaves who were descendants of American slaves were not citizens of the United States

Judge Taney ruled that slaves were property under the Fifth Amendment and that any law that would deprive a slave owner of that property was unconstitutional.

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