Population Distribution- Changing Population

1.1, 1.2, 1.3

Physical and human factors affecting population distribution at the global scale 

• fresh water

• food- fertile land

• climate

• geographical situation (where it is compared to everything else)

• topography- the layout of the land

• natural resources

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• employment'

• community- eg cultural links to a location

• proximity to personal factors eg family

Global patterns and classification of economic development: • low-income countries

aka LICs

GNI (Gross National Income) per capita is less than $1,046 USD annually

Examples: Afghanistan, South Sudan, Burundi

Global patterns and classification of economic development: • middle-income countries and emerging economies

aka LMICs Lower Middle

GNI (Gross National Income) per capita is between $1,046 - 4,095 USD annually.

Examples: Bangladesh, Ecuador, Haiti

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aka UMICs Upper Middle

GNI (Gross National Income) per capita is between $4,095 - 12,695 USD annually.

Examples: Albania, Jamaica, Thailand

Global patterns and classification of economic development: • high-income countries

aka HICs

GNI (Gross National Income) per capita is above $12,695 USD annually.

Examples: USA, Australia, Norway

Population distribution and economic development at the national scale, including voluntary internal migration

The movement of people to certain more advantageous areas within a nation’s borders.

For example: in France, the most densely populated area is around the capital city Paris, with a density of more than 200 people per square kilometre, due to its status as an economic hub (and therefore a source of employment), its rapid expansion (even absorbing nearby cities), and its favourable location on a river. However, the south of France is experiencing new growth, due to its favourable climate and proximity to other countries (easy for migrants to access), coastal trade route.

Population distribution and economic development at the national scale, including core-periphery patterns

Theory developed by Immanuel Wallerstein in 1974 that classified countries into three categories to explain how the wealth and development was enjoyed by a minority of areas.

• Core countries- experience economic growth, prosperity, trade, located in a similar area

• core-periphery countries- economically relevant due to trade, proximity or allyship, yet undergoing rapid social change and/or unrest

• periphery countries- less involved in global market, generally less developed.

still modelled today: 15% of the global population enjoying 75% of the world’s annual income. Yet, undertones of ‘relevance’ is a bit questionable.

Population distribution and economic development at the national scale, including megacity growth

Defined as a city with more than 10 million people.

Meanwhile, millionaire cities have between 1 and 10 million residents, while conurbations are areas in which a city has sprawled to engulf/merge its suburbs with another city.

Example 1 of uneven population distribution

Example 2 of uneven population distribution

The relative importance of different influences on where people live and spatial interactions between places at varying scales

Population change and demographic transition over time, including natural increase

Population change and demographic transition over time, including fertility rate

Population change and demographic transition over time, including life expectancy

Population change and demographic transition over time, including population structure

Population change and demographic transition over time, including dependency ratios

Detailed example 1 of a country’s population change and demographic transition over time

Detailed example 2 of a country’s population change and demographic transition over time

The consequences of megacity growth for individuals and societies

One case study of a contemporary megacity experiencing rapid growth

The causes and consequences of forced migration

The causes and consequences of internal displacement

Example 1 of a forced movement, including environmental and political push factors, and consequences for people and places

Example 2 of a forced movement, including environmental and political push factors, and consequences for people and places

Global and regional/continental trends in family size, sex ratios, and ageing/greying

Policies associated with managing population change, focusing on: pro-natalist or anti-natalist policies

Policies associated with managing population change, focusing on: policies related to ageing societies

Policies associated with managing population change, focusing on: gender equality policies and anti-trafficking policies

The demographic dividend and the ways in which population could be considered a resource when contemplating possible futures

One case study of a country benefiting from a demographic dividend

other ways of classifying countries

• MEDC More Economically Developed

• NIC Newly Industrialised

• RIC Recently Industrialising

• LEDC Less Economically Developed

• LDC Least Developed