Physical and human factors affecting population distribution at the global scale
fresh water
food- fertile land
climate
geographical situation (where it is compared to everything else)
topography- the layout of the land
natural resources
employment'
community- eg cultural links to a location
proximity to personal factors eg family
Global patterns and classification of economic development: • low-income countries
aka LICs
GNI (Gross National Income) per capita is less than $1,046 USD annually
Examples: Afghanistan, South Sudan, Burundi
Global patterns and classification of economic development: • middle-income countries and emerging economies
aka LMICs Lower Middle
GNI (Gross National Income) per capita is between $1,046 - 4,095 USD annually.
Examples: Bangladesh, Ecuador, Haiti
aka UMICs Upper Middle
GNI (Gross National Income) per capita is between $4,095 - 12,695 USD annually.
Examples: Albania, Jamaica, Thailand
Global patterns and classification of economic development: • high-income countries
aka HICs
GNI (Gross National Income) per capita is above $12,695 USD annually.
Examples: USA, Australia, Norway
Population distribution and economic development at the national scale, including voluntary internal migration
The movement of people to certain more advantageous areas within a nation’s borders.
For example: in France, the most densely populated area is around the capital city Paris, with a density of more than 200 people per square kilometre, due to its status as an economic hub (and therefore a source of employment), its rapid expansion (even absorbing nearby cities), and its favourable location on a river. However, the south of France is experiencing new growth, due to its favourable climate and proximity to other countries (easy for migrants to access), coastal trade route.
Population distribution and economic development at the national scale, including core-periphery patterns
Theory developed by Immanuel Wallerstein in 1974 that classified countries into three categories to explain how the wealth and development was enjoyed by a minority of areas.
Core countries- experience economic growth, prosperity, trade, located in a similar area
core-periphery countries- economically relevant due to trade, proximity or allyship, yet undergoing rapid social change and/or unrest
periphery countries- less involved in global market, generally less developed.
still modelled today: 15% of the global population enjoying 75% of the world’s annual income. Yet, undertones of ‘relevance’ is a bit questionable.
Population distribution and economic development at the national scale, including megacity growth
Defined as a city with more than 10 million people.
Meanwhile, millionaire cities have between 1 and 10 million residents, while conurbations are areas in which a city has sprawled to engulf/merge its suburbs with another city.
Example 1 of uneven population distribution
Example 2 of uneven population distribution
The relative importance of different influences on where people live and spatial interactions between places at varying scales
Population change and demographic transition over time, including natural increase
Population change and demographic transition over time, including fertility rate
Population change and demographic transition over time, including life expectancy
Population change and demographic transition over time, including population structure
Population change and demographic transition over time, including dependency ratios
Detailed example 1 of a country’s population change and demographic transition over time
Detailed example 2 of a country’s population change and demographic transition over time
The consequences of megacity growth for individuals and societies
One case study of a contemporary megacity experiencing rapid growth
The causes and consequences of forced migration
The causes and consequences of internal displacement
Example 1 of a forced movement, including environmental and political push factors, and consequences for people and places
Example 2 of a forced movement, including environmental and political push factors, and consequences for people and places
Global and regional/continental trends in family size, sex ratios, and ageing/greying
Policies associated with managing population change, focusing on: pro-natalist or anti-natalist policies
Policies associated with managing population change, focusing on: policies related to ageing societies
Policies associated with managing population change, focusing on: gender equality policies and anti-trafficking policies
The demographic dividend and the ways in which population could be considered a resource when contemplating possible futures
One case study of a country benefiting from a demographic dividend
other ways of classifying countries
MEDC More Economically Developed
NIC Newly Industrialised
RIC Recently Industrialising
LEDC Less Economically Developed
LDC Least Developed