Population Distribution- Changing Population

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Physical and human factors affecting population distribution at the global scale 

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1

Physical and human factors affecting population distribution at the global scale 

  • fresh water

  • food- fertile land

  • climate

  • geographical situation (where it is compared to everything else)

  • topography- the layout of the land

  • natural resources


  • employment'

  • community- eg cultural links to a location

  • proximity to personal factors eg family

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2

Global patterns and classification of economic development: • low-income countries

aka LICs

GNI (Gross National Income) per capita is less than $1,046 USD annually

Examples: Afghanistan, South Sudan, Burundi

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3

Global patterns and classification of economic development: • middle-income countries and emerging economies

aka LMICs Lower Middle

GNI (Gross National Income) per capita is between $1,046 - 4,095 USD annually.

Examples: Bangladesh, Ecuador, Haiti


aka UMICs Upper Middle

GNI (Gross National Income) per capita is between $4,095 - 12,695 USD annually.

Examples: Albania, Jamaica, Thailand

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4

Global patterns and classification of economic development: • high-income countries

aka HICs

GNI (Gross National Income) per capita is above $12,695 USD annually.

Examples: USA, Australia, Norway

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5

Population distribution and economic development at the national scale, including voluntary internal migration

The movement of people to certain more advantageous areas within a nation’s borders.

For example: in France, the most densely populated area is around the capital city Paris, with a density of more than 200 people per square kilometre, due to its status as an economic hub (and therefore a source of employment), its rapid expansion (even absorbing nearby cities), and its favourable location on a river. However, the south of France is experiencing new growth, due to its favourable climate and proximity to other countries (easy for migrants to access), coastal trade route.

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6

Population distribution and economic development at the national scale, including core-periphery patterns

Theory developed by Immanuel Wallerstein in 1974 that classified countries into three categories to explain how the wealth and development was enjoyed by a minority of areas.

  • Core countries- experience economic growth, prosperity, trade, located in a similar area

  • core-periphery countries- economically relevant due to trade, proximity or allyship, yet undergoing rapid social change and/or unrest

  • periphery countries- less involved in global market, generally less developed.

still modelled today: 15% of the global population enjoying 75% of the world’s annual income. Yet, undertones of ‘relevance’ is a bit questionable.

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7

Population distribution and economic development at the national scale, including megacity growth

Defined as a city with more than 10 million people.

Meanwhile, millionaire cities have between 1 and 10 million residents, while conurbations are areas in which a city has sprawled to engulf/merge its suburbs with another city.

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8

Example 1 of uneven population distribution

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9

Example 2 of uneven population distribution

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10

The relative importance of different influences on where people live and spatial interactions between places at varying scales

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11

Population change and demographic transition over time, including natural increase

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12

Population change and demographic transition over time, including fertility rate

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13

Population change and demographic transition over time, including life expectancy

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14

Population change and demographic transition over time, including population structure

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15

Population change and demographic transition over time, including dependency ratios

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16

Detailed example 1 of a country’s population change and demographic transition over time

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17

Detailed example 2 of a country’s population change and demographic transition over time

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18

The consequences of megacity growth for individuals and societies

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19

One case study of a contemporary megacity experiencing rapid growth

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20

The causes and consequences of forced migration

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21

The causes and consequences of internal displacement

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22

Example 1 of a forced movement, including environmental and political push factors, and consequences for people and places

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23

Example 2 of a forced movement, including environmental and political push factors, and consequences for people and places

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24

Global and regional/continental trends in family size, sex ratios, and ageing/greying

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25

Policies associated with managing population change, focusing on: pro-natalist or anti-natalist policies

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Policies associated with managing population change, focusing on: policies related to ageing societies

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27

Policies associated with managing population change, focusing on: gender equality policies and anti-trafficking policies

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28

The demographic dividend and the ways in which population could be considered a resource when contemplating possible futures

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29

One case study of a country benefiting from a demographic dividend

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30

other ways of classifying countries

  • MEDC More Economically Developed

  • NIC Newly Industrialised

  • RIC Recently Industrialising

  • LEDC Less Economically Developed

  • LDC Least Developed

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