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These flashcards cover key vocabulary terms, events, and figures from AP World History Units 5-6, providing definitions and context for exam preparation.
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imperialism
A policy or practice in which a country extends its power and influence over other nations or territories, often through military force, colonization, or economic domination.
Enlightenment
A cultural and intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism.
Adam Smith
A Scottish economist and philosopher, Adam Smith is best known for his works including "The Wealth of Nations," where he laid the foundations for modern economic theory, advocating for free markets and the 'invisible hand' guiding economic activity.
John Locke
Philosopher known for ideas related to natural rights and the social contract.
Mary Wollstonecraft
An advocate for women's rights, best known for her work 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman'.
American Revolution
The conflict from 1775-1783 in which the American colonies gained independence from British rule.
French Revolution
A period of radical social and political change in France from 1789 to 1799.
Louis XIV
Known as the 'Sun King', he ruled France for over 70 years and is remembered for his absolute monarchy.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
A fundamental document of the French Revolution that outlines individual and collective rights.
Maximilien Robespierre
A leading figure in the French Revolution known for his role during the Reign of Terror.
Nationalism
A political ideology that emphasizes the interests and culture of a particular nation.
Napoleon Bonaparte
A military leader and Emperor of France who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and its subsequent wars.
Congress of Vienna
A conference of European ambassadors held to create a long-term peace plan after the fall of Napoleon.
Conservative
A political philosophy that emphasizes tradition and maintains existing institutions.
Liberal
A political philosophy advocating for civil liberties, individual rights, and democracy.
Socialism
An economic system where the means of production are owned and regulated by the community as a whole.
Karl Marx
Philosopher and economist known for his theories about capitalism and communism.
Feminist movement
A social and political movement aimed at establishing equal rights for women.
Mass Leisure culture
A societal development in which the majority of the population participates in leisure activities.
Charles Darwin
Naturalist known for developing the theory of evolution through natural selection.
Social Darwinism
The application of Darwin's theories to justify social policies, often used to justify inequality.
Sepoys
Indian soldiers serving under British command.
British Raj
The period of direct British rule over India from 1858 to 1947.
Tropical dependencies
Colonial territories mainly located in tropical regions mainly ruled by European powers.
Settlement colonies
Colonies where settlers from the colonizing country established permanent residences.
White Dominions
Colonies in the British Empire where large numbers of European settlers lived.
White racial supremacy
The belief that white people are superior to people of other races.
Boer Republic
Independent republics established by Dutch settlers in South Africa.
Cecil Rhodes
A British imperialist known for his influence in southern Africa, including diamond mining.
Anglo-Boer War
A conflict between the British Empire and two Boer Republics from 1899 to 1902.
Toussaint L'Ouverture
Leader of the Haitian Revolution who helped lead the first successful slave revolt.
Father Miguel de Hidalgo
A priest who is considered a leader of the Mexican War of Independence.
Simon Bolivar
A South American revolutionary leader who fought for independence from Spanish rule.
Gran Colombia
A republic that included several South American countries formed after independence.
Jose de San Martin
Argentine general and prime leader in the southern part of South America's successful struggle for independence.
Pedro I
The first Emperor of Brazil who declared independence from Portugal.
Caudillos
Military or political leaders in Spanish-speaking regions in Latin America.
Centralists
Those who support a strong central government over regional authorities.
Federalists
Advocates for a system of government that divides power between national and local governments.
General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
A Mexican general and politician known for his role in the Mexican-American War.
Guano
Fertilizer made from the accumulated excrement of seabirds, used for agriculture.
Auguste Comte
Philosopher known as the father of sociology who proposed the secular system of positivism.
Mexican-American War
A conflict between the US and Mexico from 1846 to 1848, resulting in territories gained by the US.
Benito Juarez
A Mexican lawyer and politician who served as president and is known for his reforms.
Argentine Republic
A country in South America that was formerly part of the Spanish Empire.
Spanish-American War
A conflict between Spain and the United States in 1898 resulting in the U.S. acquisition of territories.
Panama Canal
A waterway that connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, opened in 1914.
Mahmud II
An Ottoman sultan known for his efforts to reform and modernize the empire.
Tanzimat reforms
A series of reforms in the Ottoman Empire intended to modernize and secure the state.
Ottoman Society for Union and Progress (Young Turks)
A political reform movement in the Ottoman Empire that sought modernization and reform.
Muhammad Ali
An Albanian commander who became the Ottoman governor of Egypt, he is known for modernizing Egypt and implementing significant reforms in agriculture, industry, and military.
Khedives
Egyptian viceroys who ruled under nominal Ottoman sovereignty.
Suez Canal
The artificial waterway connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, vital for trade.
Muhammad Ahmad
Also known as the Mahdi, he led a revolt against the British in Sudan.
Kangxi
One of the longest-reigning emperors of China, known for his strong leadership.
Opium War
Conflict between Britain and China over opium trade, resulting in significant concessions for Britain.
Taiping Rebellion
A massive civil war in China from 1850 to 1864, led by Hong Xiuquan.
Self-strengthening movement
A period of institutional reform in China during the late Qing Dynasty.
Cixi
A powerful empress dowager who effectively controlled the Chinese Qing Dynasty.
Boxer Rebellion
An anti-foreigner uprising in China in 1900, aiming to expel foreign influence.
Sun Yat-sen
Chinese physician and politician known as the 'Father of the Republic' of China.
Holy Alliance
A coalition of monarchies in Europe formed to prevent revolutions.
Crimean War
A conflict fought from 1853 to 1856, primarily over the rights of religious minorities in the Ottoman Empire.
Emancipation of the serfs
The process of freeing serfs in Russia, which occurred in 1861 under Tsar Alexander II.
Zemstvos
Local self-government bodies established in Russia during the reforms of Tsar Alexander II.
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov
Better known as Lenin, he was the leader of the Bolshevik Revolution.
Bolsheviks
A faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labor Party that ultimately seized power in 1917.
Russo-Japanese War
A conflict fought between Russia and Japan in 1904-1905 over rival imperial ambitions.
Duma
The legislative assembly in the Russian Empire, created after the 1905 revolution.
Matthew Perry
U.S. naval officer who played a key role in opening Japan to the West.
Zaibatsu
Large Japanese business conglomerates that played a significant role in Japan's economy.
Sino-Japanese War
War between China and Japan in 1894-1895, resulting in Japanese victory and territorial gains.
Yellow peril
Racist ideology in the late 19th and early 20th centuries that depicted East Asians as a threat to Western civilization, reflecting Western fears of immigration and competition.