Chapter 1-6

What are some types of abuse found in Family Violnece?

IPV, Elder, Child Physical and Sexual, and Gay/Lesbian

What are some of the top countries in the world for abuse rates?

1. Bangladesh/Fiji over 50%

2. China 38%

3. India35%

What is the rates of abuse for the Caribbean?

40%

What Caribbean country has the highest number of victims of IPV?

Jamaica 83%

What contributes to Family Violence?

Age, socioeconomic status, relationship, alcohol abuse and child abuse

What did Pemberton and Joseph study and where were they from?

T&T

They studied victims of IPV and asked if a man beating his partner is justified? 50% answered yes and the reasons were for talking back, going out without permission or burning food

When did abuse normally happen after?

An argument

What are some of the controversies of Family Violence?

1. Definitions

2. Theories of why it exist

3. Intervention strategies

What are some of the theories believed of why FV exists?

Society, substance abuse, alcohol abuse, mental state

What type of actions happen during violent interactions?

• Hitting

• Slapping

• Pushing

• Cursing

• Hurting

• Burning

• Threatening

• Denying freedom

• Withholding money

What is family violence? (I am using Wallace’s definistion)

Is any act or omission by persons who are cohabitating that results in serious injuries to other members of the family.

What is the best predictor of family violence?

Past behavior

What are some crimes associated with FV?

Assault, Aggravated Assault, Assault with a deadly weapon, Battery

What are some relationships in FV?

Women who are pregnant

Biological or step children

People who are/were

• Legally married

• lived together without marriage

• Related through marriage or blood

• Share a child

• engaged in a long-term relationship

What are the two categories of elder abuse?

Domestic and institutional

What are the three main models of FV?

The Psychiatric, the Social Psychology and the Socio-Cultural Models

What are the primary causes of the Psychiatric Model?

Personality disorders, substance abuse and mental illness

What are the primary causes of the Social Psychology Model?

Stress, family structure, the cycle of violence, and family interactions

What are the primary causes of the Socio-Cultural Model?

The roles men and women in our society and cultural attitudes toward women and the acceptance of violence

What is culture of violnece?

When cultures encourage and permit violence to exist as a response to various environmental obstacles, such as widespread resource impoverishment

What are some of the positive effects of television and videos on children?

Cognitive Skills.

Academic Content.

Prosocial Behavior.

Nutrition and Health

Social and Political Issues.

What are some of the negative effects of television and videos on children?

Lack of Exercise

Unhealthy Eating Habits

Solitary in Nature

Behavioral Messages

What are some common features of FV?

• Isolation

• Power Differentials

• Power/ Powerlessness

• Substance Abuse

• Effects on Victims

• Pregnant Women

• Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and transgender

What is ITVT (Intergeneral transmission of violence theory)

That violence is inherited as a result of observing it, that it is a learnt behavior, and it is passed on from generation to generation

What are some reasons abusers need to be in control?

Anger Management Issues

Jealousy

Low self esteem

Feeling Inferior

What are some factors that increase partner ITV?

Antisocial Behavior

Depression

Substance Abuse

Experiencing abuse as a child

Receipt of harsh parenting during childhood

What are some factors that decrease partner ITV?

Stable Relationships

Receipt of emotional support

Stable home environment

Non-violent partners

Education

Involvement in psychotherapy

What increases risk factors of IPV?

Substance abuse

Young Parental Age

Poor parenting

Low level of education

Society not respecting female

What are the most common sites of injuries?

Head, neck and face

What are some physical types of injuries?

Immediate injuries that heal leaving no trace

Injuries that leave visible scars

Unknown long-term physical injuries

Long-term catastrophic injuries

What are some type of immediate injuries?

bruises, contusions, cuts, and broken bones

What are some injuries that leave scars?

facial scars; loss of teeth, fingers, or toes; scars on the neck, arms, or legs; and loss of mobility due to incomplete healing

What are some Unknown long-term physical injuries?

HIV and Aids

What are some long-term catastrophic injuries?

Restriction of physical movements, loss of liver function

What are some health outcomes that victims develope?

Asthma, Insomnia, High Blood Pressure, PTSD, Headache, Depression, Panic Attacks, Fibromyalgia

What are some reasons DV is declining?

Decline in marriage, harsher penalties, decreased domesticity, zero tolerance attitude of society, better acces to dv shelters, increase in the average age of the population

What are some tangible losses?

property damage and loss, medical care, and law enforcement services

What other types of abuse can be found/connected to Elder Abuse?

Financial, Physical, Emotional, Sexual, Medical, and Marital

Elder abuse can be either

Passive or Active

What is passive elder abuse?

Passive elder abuse refers to the refusal or failure to provide necessary care and support to an elderly person, resulting in harm or distress.

What is active elder abuse?

Active elder abuse refers to the refusal or failure to undertake a caretaking obligation to an elderly person, resulting in harm or distress.

What did Wolf, Pillemer and Godkins find in their research?

That there is a multifaceted definition that classifies elder abuse into five areas: Physical abuse includes the infliction of physical pain or injury, physical coercion, sexual molestation, or physical restraint.Psychological abuse includes the infliction of mental anguish.Material abuse includes the illegal or improper exploitation and/or use of funds or resourcesActive neglect includes the refusal or failure to undertake a caretaking obligationPassive neglect includes the refusal or failure to fulfil a caretaking obligation.

Elder abuse is more what than other types of abuse?

Deadly

List (3) physical aspects/consequences of elder abuse.

PainBruises/Cuts Weight lossBroken BonesPainMay need to explain

True or FalseAbuse is a one time thing

False

List (5) behavioral aspects/consequences of elder abuse.

PainMood changeReserved/Hesitating/Extremely EmotionalWith drawnNon co-operativeFatiguedAggressiveOverly IndependentMay need to explain further depending on the answer

List (3) sexual aspects/consequences of elder abuse.

STD’sGenital/Anal TraumaDifficulty sitting/walking Throat infection (ongoing)Pain in private areaMay need to explain more

List (3) neglect aspects/consequences of elder abuse.

Weight lossWeight gainMalnutritionBody odorLiving ConditionsMay need to explain further

List (3) emotional/psychological aspects/consequences of elder abuse.

Mood changeDepressionAnxietyWithdrawnRisk blood pressure about certain peopleMay need to explain further

List (3) financial aspects/consequences of elder abuse.

Unusual withdrawsAltered documentsAnything relating to funds (borrowing and signature that they did not do)

What are some theories as to why Elder abuse happens?

ITVT, Psychopathology, and Family Stress

Elder abuse can be (in terms of places)

Domestic or Institutional

List (5) risk factors of Elder Abuse that relates to Perpetrators

Mental Illness (depression)Substance or Alcohol AbuseFinancial StressStress (dealing with someone with dementia or dimensions)Inadequate coping skillsLack of knowledgeITVTSocial Isolation

List (3) risk factors of Elder Abuse that relates to Relationships

Financial Stress/Money ProblemsFamily ConflictLack of social support

List (2) risk factors of Elder Abuse that relates to Institutional

Staffing Issues/Lack of stuffBurnout/Stressful working conditions

What is elder abuse?

Elder abuse is defined as conduct that results in the physical, psychological, or material neglect, harm, or injury to an elder

What is the age of an elder in most jurisdictions?

55 and over

What did block and Sinatt find in their research?

They are one of the first to publish a study of elder abuse and even though their study did not go that far into the topic, it was the first step in the long process of recognizing that elders can be victims of family violence.

What is child physical abuse?

Defined as any act that results in a non-accidental physical injury by a person who has care, custody, or control of a child.

What did Dr. Caffey find?

What is Caffey’s Syndrome?

In the absence of a skeletal disease, children who have both subdural hematomas and long-bone fractures are the victims of trauma

What did DR. Kempe find?

What is Battered Child Syndrome?

A medicolegal term that describes the diagnosis of a medical expert based on scientific studies that indicate that when a child suffers certain types of continuing injuries, those injuries were not caused by accidental means

What did Tardieu find?

A forensic pathologist in France, documented thirty-two incidents of children who had died as a result of battering

True or FalseThere is a specific set of characteristics for abusers

False

What did Ammerman research find?

That children who are difficult to manage or control are at an increased risk for abuse compared to other children such as those with ADHD, Prematurity, developmental issues/ Delayed, Physical/sensory issues

What is the average age of child abuse victims?

What are some factors that contribute to Physical Child Abuse?

Poor ParentingITVTFinancial StressSubstance AbuseMental Illness

What did Tower say about Physical Child Abuse?

That the several theories of causes child abuse can be grouped 3 main models:psychopathological model (is a result of mental illness as it relates to the perpetrator) the interactional model (views child abuse as a result of a dysfunctional system.)the environmental-sociological-cultural model (views stresses in society as the primary cause of child abuse)

What are some Physical indicators of Child Physical Abuse?

ScarsBruisesBurnsBroken bones/Fractures Trouble Walking or sittingHuman Bite marksBald SpotsMissing TeethAppearance of injuries after school absence, weekend, or vacationMust be a pattern, unexplained, or in suspicious areas

What are some Behavioral indicators of Child Physical Abuse?

Easily frightened or fearful of adults and parents, physical contact, or when other children cryNot Talking/Withdrawn Runs awayLearning IssuesAggressive BehaviorAccident ProneExtra ClothesUnbelievable explanation for injuriesIsolationSelf-destructive Behavior

What is the timing for different bruises and their colors?

0–5 days Red/purple/blue 5–7 days Green 7–10 days Yellow 10–14 days Brown 2–4 weeks Clear

What are the common areas for bruising, and how they will look?

Front portion of the arms, legs, and face may be consistent such as the knees, shinbone, elbow and forehead. Bruises from falling onto objects are usually circular or oval with non-descript edges, and not a perfect shape.

What are the suspicious areas for bruising and how they will look?

Back of the arms or legs BackAbdomen (Torso)GenitalsButtocksSoft-tissue areasUsually in a perfect shape

What are some areas for non accidental bruising patterns?

Eyes (Bilateral black eyes)Ear lobe (Pinch and pull marks)Cheek (Slap marks, squeeze marks, or gag marks) Upper lip (Bruises)Scalp (Bare head and broken hair, bruises) Neck (Choke marks) Upper arms (Grab marks)Chest (Fingertip encirclement marks)Inner thighs (Pressure marks and fingertip marks) Genitals (Pinch marks and wrapping of penis)Ankles/wrists (Tethering or friction burn marks) Feet (Pen or razor tattoo marks)

What age is common for children to be victims of burns?

Under the age of three

What are Water Immersion Burns?

Burns caused by a caretaker holding the child in hot water

What type of act is water immersion burns a common punishment for?

Result from the parents’ frustration over bed-wetting or potty training

What are the classifications of burns?

First degree (Partial-thickness burns)Second degree (Partial-thickness burns)Third degree (Full-thickness)Fourth degree (Full-thickness burns)

What are the shapes and where are they found if a child is a victim of Water Immersion Burns?

Bathtub: Donut shape burn on the buttocks area. Hand or foot being immersed in hot liquid: Glovelike or stocking-shaped burns (They will have a clear outline)

How are pattern burns caused?

These burns are caused by holding or pressing a portion of the child’s body against a hot object.

How are intentional pattern burns characterized?

By being symmetrical, deep imprints with clear margins of the entire burned surface

Where are pattern burns usually found?

On parts of the body that are normally covered with clothing such as the genitals, abdomen, bottom of feet etc.

What is Munchausen syndrome by proxy?

When a caregiver/parent makes up or causes an illness or injury in a person under his or her care for attention

Munchausen syndrome by proxy is what king of problem and who is it normally done by?

It is a mental illness or mental health problem and is done by a caretake or parent

What are the most common fractures in order of occurrence?

RibHumerusFemurTibiaSkull

What is a suspicious or red flag type of fracture?

Spiral Fracture

What is Parens Patrie?

When the state take in a child and becomes their parent/guardian

What are some things to of instead of shaking a baby?

Give the baby a paciferDo checks to see if they are hungry, hot, cold, etc.)Music/sing Taking a breakAsk for helpGo on a walk

What are some Family/Parental indicators of Physical Child Abuse?

Personal problems (Marital, etc) Economic stressParents who have been abused as kids/ IPVHighly moralistic/ Religious Substance abuse/ Alcohol Depression/ mental challengesStressful jobs Low frustration levels Antagonist and fearful/ suspicious of others See the child as evil Jealousy Lack of knowledge Lack of Interest

What is child sexual abuse?

Is sexual exploitation or sexual activities with a child under circumstances that indicate that the child’s health or welfare is harmed or threatened.

What is the percentage of children being victims of sexual abuse by relationship?

47%+ Family members (Incest) 40% Acquaintances( someone they know)8-10% Strangers

What is Intrafamilial sexual abuse?

Incest and refers to any type of exploitative sexual contact occurring between relatives.

What is Extrafamilial sexual abuse?

Refers to exploitative sexual contact with perpetrators who may be known or unknown to the child.

What are some examples of touching sexual offences?

FondlingMaking a child touch an adult’s sexual organsPenetrating that doesn’t have a valid medical purpose.

What are some examples of non-touching sexual offences?

Engaging in indecent exposure or exhibitionismExposing children to pornographic materialDeliberately exposing a child to the act of sexual intercourseMasturbating in front of a childProstitution

True or FalseThere is not a set of characteristics, age, race, sex, domicile, social economic status, that define who is an abuser.

True

What did Conti say about sexual abusers/predators?

That there are factors that are important when evaluating the characteristics of abusers:Measurement of sexual arousalSexual fantasiesThe type of rationalizations used by adult offenders who have sexual relations with children

What is true about male and female victims?

Female are the most common victims and male sexual abuse rates are higher than we thought

Why do male not report their sexual abuse?

They are embarrassedThey don’t want to be viewed as sissies/weak They are unsupervisedSocialization factors(they are taught to hide their feelings and not cry or be emotional)