Microbiology Part 1

What are the three domains of classification? (Carl Woese)

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

What makes up the bacteria classification?

cell walls contain protein-carbohydrate complex called peptidoglycan

What makes up the Archaea classification?

cell walls, if present, lack peptidoglycan

What makes up the Eukarya classification?

Protists, fungi, plants, and animals

Examples of protists

slime molds, protozoa, algae

Examples of fungi

unicellular yeasts, multicellular molds, mushrooms

Examples of plants

Mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants

Examples of animals

Sponges, worms, insects, vertebrae

Spontaneous Generation

the idea that lifeforms could arise spontaneous from non-living matter

biogenesis

the theory that living cells only arise from preexisting cells

What did Lister use to sterilize before surgery?

Phenol

Pasteurization

The process of mild heating to kill particular spoilage microorganisms or pathogens

Germ theory of disease

Microorganisms can cause disease

avirulent

virus lost it’s ability to cause disease

What is the importance of Koch’s postulates

it is a set of rules to prove a particular microbe causes a particular disease

What is the significance of Jenners discovery?

He discovered the idea of immunity

Chemotherapy

Treatment for a disease using chemical substances

Antibiotics

Chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi that act against bacteria

Synthetic drugs

Chemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in a lab

Who discovered the first antibiotic?

Alexander flemming (he almost threw out the petri dish with mold)

What was the name of the antibiotic (mold) Alexander Flemming discovered>

Penicillium chrysogenum

How does drug resistance occur?

genetic changes in microbes enable them to tolerate a certain amount of an antibiotic

Bacteriology

the study of bacteria

mycology

study of fungi

parasitology

the study of protozoa and parasitic worms

immunology

the study of the immune response to foreign substances

virology

the study of viruses

microbial genetics

studies the mechanisms microorganisms inherit traits

molecular biology

looks at how genetic information is carried in molecules of DNA

conjugation (horizontal gene transfer)

genetic material can be transferred from one bacterium to another

What was Ehrlich’s magic bullet?

Salvarsan, an arsenic derivative effective against syphilis

genomics

the study of all of an organisms genes

recombiant DNA

A DNA molecule produced by combining DNA from two different soures

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

AIDS

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

Microbial ecology

The study of the relationship between microorganisms and their environment

bioremediation

the use of microbes to remove an environmental pollutant

What does Bacillus thuringiensis do?

It is a pest control that is incorporated in the dusting powder applied to crops that insects eat. Bacteria produce protein crystals that are toxic to the digestive system of insects.

biotechnology

The industrial application of microorganism cells, or cell components, to make a useful product

gene therapy

inserting a missing gene or replacing a defective one in human cells

Name beneficial uses of bacteria

synthesize vitamins, break down wastes, alcoholic beverages, antibiotics, vaccines

differentiate biotechnology from recombinant DNA technology

Biotechnology are technology made from microbes and recombinant DNA technology is the combination of microbes

resistance

the ability to ward off diseases

biofilm

a microbial community that usually forms as a slimy layer on a surface

What is the scientific name for staph

S. aureus

infectious disease

a disease where pathogens invade a susceptible host

emerging infectious diseases (EID)

diseases that are new or changing and are either increasing in incidence or have the potential to increase in the future

zoonoses

pathogens trasmitted from nonhuman animals to humans

What is the long name for COVID 19

Corona Virus Disease 2019

Long name for SARS-CoV-2

Severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2

Long name for MERS

Middle east respiratory syndrome

What is MPOX

viral disease that creates flu-like illness and painful rash. Orthopoxvirus, genus that includes smallpox

Long name for MRSA

methicillin-resistant S. aureus

Long name for VISA

vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus

Ebola virus disease

disease that causes fever, hemorraging, and blood clotting in vessels

Differentiate normal microbiota from microbes causing infectious diseases

Normal microbiota are used to help keep the body balanced and healthy. Pathogenic microbes are what cause diseases

What does Vitamin K do

essential in order for the liver to produce several important blood clotting factors

what are microbes that live stably in adn on the human body called

human microbiome or microbiota

what does escherichia coli do

aids digestion

What do normal flora do for our bodies

synethesize vitamins, kill off germs

what can indefinitely colonize the body

normal microbiotia

what is only a fleeting member of its community

transient microbiota

genus

first name (large group)

species

exact designation of specific members within the genus group

prokaryotes

“prenucleus” do not have a true membrane bound nucleus

Examples of prokaryotes

bacteria, archaea

what type of prokaryotes are extremophiles

archaea

eukaryotes

do have a true membraine bound nucleus

what is another name for worms?

helminths

obligate intracellular parasites

viruses

obligate

an organism that is strictly dependent on a particular condition or environment for survival, meaning it must have that condition to live

what are usually considered acellular

viruses

what did Robert Hooke discover

crude multiple lens microscope and examined cork and saw it composed of “little boxes” or cells

cell theory

all living things are made of cells

What did Anton van Leeuwenhoek do?

He used a simple single-lens microscope to examine microbes

What did Francesco Redi do?

he fought against spontaneous generation with jars of meat showing that flies lead to maggots

What was John Needham supporting

he supported the idea of spontaneous generation. He boiled broth and killed off the microorganisms and let it cool and then cealed it to show that microorganisms just appeared

What did Lazzaro Spallanzani do?

He fought Needhams argument by boiling water and then putting the lid on to show that microorganisms did grow.

Who finally disproved spontaneous generation

Louis Pasteur; he made aseptic techniques

panspermia

belief that life is everywhere

fermentation

process by which yeasts can produce alcohol in the absense of air

who created fermentation

Louis Pasteur

what did Joseph Lister do?

used carbolic acid (phenol) during and after surgery to kill bacteria harmful to patients

What did Robert Koch do

develops Koch’s postulates; proved that deadly disease of anthrax in grazing animals is caused by particular rod-shaped bacterium

Other name for cowpox

vaccina

other name for small pox

variola

cross reactive immunity

one disease closely related to another can help lead towards immunity

what did Edward Jenner do

created vaccinations

Who was Sarah Nelms

she was a women with cow pox that was unable to get small pox and helped with the discover of vaccinations

other name for chicken cholera

Pasteurella multocida

What was Pasteurs “guess of genius”

Pathogenic microbes can lose their ability to cause disease and be used as vaccines

attenuated

lose the ability to cause disease

what is used to treat malaria

Quinine from the bark of Cinchona trees

What did Gerhard Domagk do?

he worked with dyes (prontosil red) that led to the discovery of sulfa drugs (sulfonamides)

what was the first treatement for tuberculosis

streptomycin

who recieved the nobel prize for streptomycin vs who deserved it

Waksman was the recipiant but Schatz the PhD student did the work

what are typically used to study molecular genetics and molecular biology

bacteria because they are less complex

Andy’s Law on equal use of knowledge

when you have powerful technology people will use ti for equally good or bad

how can biofilms be helpful

protect your mucous membranes from harmful microbes

how can biofilms be harmful

pathogens can grow on medical impants