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Casta System
Spain categorized people in the Americas to social classes based on their racial ancestry
Encomienda System
A colonial labor system in which the Spanish enslaved native people to farm and mine in the Americas
Bartolome de Las Casas
Argued against the harsh treatment of Native Americans to the king of Spain; persuaded the king to initiate the New Law of 1542 which began to end the encomienda system in the Americas
Pueblo Revolt
The Pueblo successfully drove the Spanish from their land, although they returned about a decade later
Joint-Stock Companies
A limited liability organization in which investors pooled their money to fund a venture; if the venture failed, they only lost what they had invested
Mercantilism
An economic system that depended on heavy governmental direction and intervention (exports > imports)
Capitalism
An economic system based on private ownership and the free + open exchange of goods between property owners
Feudalism
The prior social/political/economic system of Europe, a system where peasants lived and worked on the land of a noble in exchange for armed protection
Hernan Cortes
Spanish conquistador who conquered Tenochtitlan largely due to diseases (smallpox)
Columbian Exchange
The transfer of food, animals, minerals, people, and diseases between Africa, Europe, and the Americas
Treaty of Tordesillas
Drew the Line of Demarcation on the globe, split the world into spheres of exploration for Spain and Portugal, gave Portugal control of Brazil
Prince Henry the Navigator
Portuguese explorer who searched for a sea-based route to Asia, helped Portugal establish a trading-post empire
Reasons for European Exploaration
population increase
political unification
desire for luxury goods
Protestant Reformation/Spanish reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula (religious motivation)
Iroquois Confederation
Founded by several tribes near the Great Lakes, battled rival tribes and Europeans up until the American Revolution
Great Plains/Great Basin region
populations that lived here were nomadic wanderers and hunter-gatherers
Pueblo
lived in present-day New Mexico and Arizona
sedentary population
built homes right into the sides of cliffs
Inca
cultivated fertile mountains in Peru with elaborate systems of irrigation
Maya
located on the Yucatan Peninsula
had complex water storage and irrigation systems
Aztecs
located in Central America
capital city - Tenochtitlan
thousands of people
big fans of human sacrifice
