AP151 Study Guide -Study of Body Function (Ch. 1)

physiology

 the study of normal functioning of a living organism and its components, including all its chemical and physical processes.

Pathophysiology

concerns how disease or injury affects physiological process

different levels of organization

atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs organ systems

four main tissues and basic functions?

1. Epithelial → physical protection, diffusion and filtration, secretion, absorption, sensation, and ion transport

2. Connective → provide structural support, provide a physical barrier along with specialized cells to defend the body from foreign invaders

3. Muscle → contract and produce force and movement 

4. Nervous → carry information in the form of chemical (neurotransmitters) and electrical (action potentials) signals from one part of the body to another 

4. What are the different organ systems and what are their basic functions?

1. Support and movement 

• Skeletal and muscular 

2. Control 

• Nervous, and endocrine 

3. Maintenance

• integumentary , circulatory, lymphatic (immune), respiratory, digestive, and urinary 

4. Reproduction 

• Reproductive 

5. Can you recognize which organs belong to the different organ systems?

Skeletal: bones, cartilage, joints

Muscular: skeletal muscles, tendons

Integumentary: skin, hair, nails, sweat glands

Circulatory: heart, blood, blood vessels

Lymphatic/Immune: lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels

Respiratory: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Digestive: mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Urinary: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Reproductive: ovaries/uterus or testes and associated structures

Nervous: brain, spinal cord, nerves

Endocrine: pituitary, thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries/testes

different life processes

Metabolism → all chemical reactions occurring in the body 

→ breaking down food to release energy 

Responsiveness - the ability to detect and respond to changed 

→ pulling your hand away from smth hot 

Movement → movement of the body or substances within the body 

→ walking or your heart pumping blood 

Growth → increase in the size of number of cells 

→ a child getting taller 

Differentiation → cells becoming specialized for specific functions 

→ a stem cells developing into a  muscle cell 

Reproduction → producing new cells or a new organism 

→ cells dividing during growth or producing offspring

homeostasis and how does it relate to disease and illness?

An ability of keeping the internal environment relatively stable within a dynamic range.  

Ex. body temp raises → you sweat → heat leaves your body → body temp goes back to normal range

What are the different fluid compartments of the body?

How does the exchange between external environment and the cells of the body take place?

Intracellular fluid → within the cells 

Extracellular fluid –. Outside the cells (plasma and interstitial fluid)

Interstitial fluid → surrounds cells 

Plasma → fluid portion of blood

EXCHANGE 

Movement into cell from external environment 

External environment → blood plasma → interstitial fluid→ intracellular fluid

Movement out cells to external environment 

Intracellular fluid → interstitial fluid → blood plasma → external environment 

9. Does homeostasis mean equilibrium? Are chemical, electrical, and osmotic equilibrium considered homeostatic?

Homeostasis does not mean equilibrium. Chemical, electric, and osmotic equilibrium are not homeostatic because cells need different gradients to function. 

2 organ systems are the main control systems for long distance reflex control?

1. Nervous → uses neurotransmitters, fast

2. Endocrine → uses hormones, slower, long lasting

components/steps that make up a negative feedback response loop?

Could you recognize an example of each of these steps/components from an example.

Stimulus → sensor/receptor → control center → effector → response 

example

stimulus → body temp increases 

receptor → temperature receptors detect  

control center → brain/hypothalamus processes information 

effector → sweat glands become active 

response→ sweating cools the body 

How does the baroreceptor response loop operate to maintain homeostasis?

Boreceptor response loop → negative feedback loop that helps maintain blood pressure 

example 

Stimulus blood pressure increase 

Receptors baroreceptors detect change in pressure (in the carotid arteries and aortic arch)

Control center - brain stem process the information 

Effectors  - the heart responds 

Responds blood pressure increases back to appropriate range 

positive feedback loop vs negative feedback loops?

Positive → amplifies original change. 

**increase/amplifies 

Negative →  opposes original change → help maintain homeostasis

**counteracts