Etiology test

BEFAST acronym

B- balance

E-eyes

F- face

A- Arms

S- speech

T- time

Causes of acquired brain damage (4)

vascular, traumatic, degenerative/progressive, infectious

Vascular causes are

strokes

ischemic, hemorrhagic

ischemic stroke

blockage or occlusion of arterial vessel

Which type of stroke is more common

ischemic

If an ischemic stroke is above the circle of Willis it causes … damage

significant

If an ischemic stroke is below the circle of Willis it causes … damage

minimal

hemorrhagic stroke

bursting of an artery with accumulation of blood

brain tissue can be damaged when it comes in contact with…

blood

Which type of stroke is more deadly?

hemorrhagic

thrombosis definition

vascular disease, cell material and blood material blocks circulation

thrombosis strokes are … of all ischemic strokes

2/3

Arteriosclerosis

slow progressive disease causing narrowing of larger arteries due to accumulation of lipids (fat cells) and fibrous material resulting in plaque; slow flowing blood; clot; blockage

embolism

traveling piece of arterial debris, blocks smaller artery

embollic damage can be caused from an

occluded vessel

examples of what would cause an embolism

tumor, plaque, air bubble, surgery

an embolic stroke causes

atrial fibrillation

a hemorrhagic stroke is caused by

weakened arterial walls, aneurysm, high or fluctuating blood pressure, sometimes trauma to vessel

Connective tissue disorders are at higher risk for which type of stroke

hemorrhagic

intracerebral

within brain or brainstem

extracerebral types of hemorrhagic strokes

subarachnoid, subdural, epidural

mTBI stands for

mild traumatic brain injury

closed TBI

no fracture or break to the skull

open TBI

fracture or break to the skull

ex. closed TBI

falling, concussion, sports injuries

ex. open TBI

gun shot

open TBIs run the risk of

debris, bacterial infection

accelerated TBI

an injury that is done at a high speed

accelerated TBI example

head trauma as a result of a car accident

High velocity TBI

Head injury at a high velocity

low velocity TBI

Head injury that occurs at a low velocity

Low velocity TBI ex.

hammer hit to the head

high velocity TBI ex.

gun shot to the head

Secondary injury from TBI definition

injuries that occur after the original injury

examples of secondary injury from TBI

hemorrhage

loss of blood supply to area of the brain (ICP) ischemia (stroke)

cerebral edema

hypoxia

intracranial pressure- blood CSF, water

seizure

infection

mTBI concussion causes

an altered metabolic state in the brain

Symptoms of a concussion

brain fog, sensitivity to light, restlessness, trouble sleeping, nausea, sensitivity to sound

post concussion syndrome occurs …-… days after injury

7-10

Post concussion syndrome lasts

3 months to a year

Post concussive syndrome can cause

memory loss

difficulty concentrating

changes in mood (depression)

anxiety

fatigue

sensory sensitivity

concussions are … meaning each one leads to more

additive

even a single TBI puts you at greater risk for

Dementia

the more brain injuries you have the greater the risk for

dementia

CTE can be caused by a number of

subconcussive injuries or minimal TBIs

Treatment for CTE

compensatory strategies, medical assistance for sleeping

second impact syndrome

sudden and intense metabolic cascade resulting in rapid and progressive brain swelling which can result in death

Second impact syndrome occurs as a result of

initial TBI not fully healed when another TBI occurs

to combat athletes who lie we need other measures like

check cicadas, check eye movement, return to play protocols

neoplasms

abnormal growths within cranial structures which may be benign or cancerous

-caused by cells dividing excessively

primary intracranial tumors is found

in the cerebrum and the cerebellum

Primary intracranial tumors may be

benign or cancerous

causes of primary intracranial tumors

destruction and swelling of tissue, headaches, seizures

symptoms of intracranial tumors

focal to generalized symptoms; blurred vision, loss of sensation, vertigo, behavioral changes (memory problems, lethargy, personality changes,) herniation of the brain stem

meningioma is formed in the

meninges

most effective treatment for meningiomas

surgical removal

meningiomas are usually …

noncancerous, 90% of the time

impact of the meningioma depends on the

size and location but may be significant and result in death (ie. brainstem)

Three types of primary brain tumors

astrocytic, oligodendroglia, ependymoma

glioblastomas are a type of

astrocytic tumor

glioblastoma definition

are the most aggressive type of primary brain tumor

mixed tumor

made up of both astrocytic and oligodendrocytic tumors

astrocytic tumors include astrocytoma’s (less malignant) anaplastic astrocytoma’s, and glioblastomas (most malignant)

astrocytoma’s (less malignant) anaplastic astrocytoma’s, and glioblastomas (most malignant)

two types of intracranial tumors

primary and secondary

types of secondary intracranial tumors

metastatic

metastatic tumors

(moving cancer) stars in another organ and migrates through blood stream to the brain

which type of intracranial tumor has a higher mortality rate

secondary

cancers that commonly spread to the brain

lung, breast, melanoma, kidney, bladder, sarcomas, testicular, and germ cell

types of cancer that spread to the brain infrequently

colon, prostate (very rarely)

primary central nervous system lymphoma is a type of

non Hodgkins lymphoma

PCNSL

primary cranial nervous system lymphoma

PCNSL typically occurs in

the older population, 55+

PCNSL is treated with

high dose chemotherapy (methotrexate)

PCNSL usually reoccurs in the

brain or the eye

PCNSL has a better prognosis if it is limited to the

brain and not in the CSF

Infections in the brain are typically

life threatening

types of infection in the brain

bacterial, viral, or abscess

infection in the meninges

meningitis

infections in the brain

encephalitis

infection in the spinal cord

myelitis

bacterial infection in the brain

meningitis (meninges and CSF infected)

Symptoms of bacterial infection in the brain

fever, headache, lethargy, drowsiness, coma

treatment of bacterial infections

must be rapid, antibiotic

Viral types of infection

AIDS, rabies, herpes, mumps, measles

herpes simplex encephalitis is frequently associated with

aphasia

treatment of viral infections

most resolve on their own

antiviral medications

abscesses are caused by

bacteria, fungi, or parasites

symptoms of abscess infection

slower course, visual problems, fever, headache, drowsiness, lethargy

treatment of abscess infection

surgical (drainage)

antifungal, antiparasitic, and antibiotic meds

recovery of abscess infection

rapid, potential residual impacts

progressive neurological disease

dementia

types of dementia include

multi-infarct dementia

dementia of the Alzheimer type

pick’s disease

primary progressive aphasia

parkinsons

jakob- creutzfeld disease is commonly called

mad cow disease

jakob- creutzfeld disease is when

the brain gets damaged and the brain becomes spongy

mad cow disease can be spread from

cows to people, eating beef or coming in contact with them

static

if someone suffers a brain injury and that is the worst it is going to get

progressive

the disease gets worse and worse over time

strokes, TBI, and tumors can cause

aphasia

ischemia definition

decrease in blood flow to an area, causes a drop in oxygen to that area

infarction

an actual blockage