Key Concepts from the Lecture Notes on Correctional Systems

A comprehensive set of flashcards capturing key vocabulary and concepts related to correctional systems and justice from the lecture notes.

Penal Reform Movements

Efforts aimed at improving prison conditions and the treatment of prisoners.

The Penitentiary Act (1779)

An act aimed at isolating prisoners from society for contemplation and labor.

Solitary Confinement

The isolation of prisoners as a means of punishment and rehabilitation.

Panopticon

A prison design by Jeremy Bentham emphasizing the importance of surveillance.

The Pennsylvania System

A prison model emphasizing separate and solitary confinement.

The New York (Auburn) System

A prison model combining hard labor during the day with solitary confinement at night.

Intersectionality

The interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender.

Overrepresentation of Indigenous Peoples

The disproportionate number of Indigenous individuals within the correctional system.

Healing Lodges

Facilities offering Indigenous concepts of justice and rehabilitation.

Restorative Justice

An approach to justice emphasizing repairing harm through inclusive dialogue.

Community Corrections

Alternative measures to incarceration focused on reintegrating offenders into society.

Cash Bail (U.S.)

A financial guarantee required for release from custody pre-trial.

Conditional Bail (Canada)

Restrictions placed on individuals released pending trial.

Recidivism

The tendency of a convicted criminal to reoffend.

Risk Assessment

Evaluating an offender's likelihood of reoffending based on various factors.

Victims’ Rights

Legal rights afforded to victims in the criminal justice process.

Youth Criminal Justice Act (YCJA)

Legislation guiding the treatment of young offenders in Canada.

Extrajudicial Measures

Non-court interventions aimed at addressing youth crime.

Crossover Youth

Youth that interact with multiple systems, such as child welfare and criminal justice.

Crisis Intervention

Immediate support and assistance to individuals in distress.

Substance Use Disorder

Chronic condition related to problematic patterns of drug or alcohol use.

Prison Industrial Complex

The relationship between government and private industry that promotes increased incarceration.

Populism

Political approach appealing to ordinary people against the elite.

Black Lives Matter

A social and political movement advocating against systemic racism and violence towards Black individuals.

Feminist Critiques of Justice

Analyzing how gender influences experiences within the criminal justice system.

Mental Health in Prisons

The challenges faced by incarcerated individuals struggling with mental health issues.

Suicide in Custody

Tragic incidents of self-harm leading to death among incarcerated individuals.

Community-Based Programming

Local initiatives designed to support rehabilitation and reintegration.

Administrative Charges

Formal charges applied in response to non-compliance with legal orders.

Social Exclusion,

The process by which certain groups are systematically disadvantaged.

Gender-Specific Programming

Interventions tailored to the unique needs of different genders.

Police Discretion

The authority of law enforcement to make decisions based on judgment.

Doli Incapax

Legal principle suggesting children under a certain age cannot commit crimes.

Due Process Rights

Legal requirement that the state must respect all legal rights owed to a person.

Diversionary Practices

Programs aimed at redirecting youth from the formal justice system.

Punitive Measures

Policies focused on punishment rather than rehabilitation.

Recidivism Rates

The frequency at which former prisoners return to crime.

Empowerment Models

Approaches focused on giving individuals control over their own lives.

Strategies for Reintegration

Plans and programs designed to assist offenders in returning to society.

Transgender Rights in Prisons

Legal and ethical considerations surrounding the treatment of transgender inmates.

Parole Board of Canada

The body responsible for the conditional release of federal inmates.

Conditional Release

A supervised release of an inmate back into the community.

Net Widening Phenomena

The expansion of the criminal justice system's reach into behavior that was previously not criminalized.

Social Isolation

The absence of social interactions and relationships often affecting released offenders.

Substance Abuse Treatment

Programs aimed at helping individuals recover from addiction.

Victim Participation

Opportunities for victims to be involved in the criminal justice process.

Justice for Indigenous Women

Efforts to address violence and discrimination faced by Indigenous women.

Suicide Prevention Programs

Initiatives aimed at reducing the risk of suicide among inmates.

Culturally Sensitive Programming

Interventions tailored to the cultural backgrounds of individuals.

Public Perception of Crime

The societal understanding and interpretation of crime and offenders.

Street-Involved Youth

Young people who experience homelessness or unstable living conditions.

Life Skills Programming

Training aimed at improving daily living skills for offenders.

Conditional Sentences

Sentences served in the community rather than in custody.

Youth Justice Committees

Community groups empowered to provide alternatives to formal youth justice processes.

Temporary Absences

Supervised exits from a correctional facility for specific purposes.

Electronic Monitoring

The use of technology to supervise individuals on conditional release.

Discretion in Sentencing

Judges' ability to impose different penalties for the same offense.

Restorative Justice Practices

Methods aimed at rehabilitating offenders through reconciliation with victims.

Funding for Youth Programs

Financial support for initiatives aimed at preventing youth crime.

Social Justice Movements

Collective efforts to challenge injustice and achieve equality.

Cultural Competency Training

Education for professionals to effectively serve diverse communities.

Harm Reduction Strategies

Policies aimed at minimizing negative consequences associated with drug use.

Judicial Reforms

Changes to the legal system aimed at improving justice practices.

Health Care in Corrections

Access to medical services for incarcerated individuals.

Mental Health Strategies

Approaches aimed at addressing psychological health in prisons.

Underprivileged Groups

Communities facing systematic socio-economic disadvantages.

Youth Custody Rates

Statistics on the number of young people incarcerated.

Intervention Programs

Structured efforts to change behavior among at-risk youth.

Victim Services

Support systems for individuals harmed by crimes.

Indigenous Legal Framework

Legal principles and practices specific to Indigenous peoples.

Child Welfare Policies

State interventions services for children in need.

Challenges in Reintegration

Obstacles faced by offenders returning to society.

Rehabilitation Models

Approaches focused on reforming individuals rather than punishing them.

Community Restorative Justice

A community focus in resolving conflicts and crime through reparative processes.

Federal Correctional Policies

National laws governing the management of correctional facilities.

Preventive Measures

Strategies aimed at stopping crime before it occurs.

Adolescent Behavior Theories

Explanations for why youth engage in criminal activities.

Family Support Systems

Networks aimed at assisting families of offenders.

Community Involvement in Corrections

Engagement of local communities in assisting incarcerated individuals.

Victim Impact Statements

Documents expressing how a crime impacted the victim.

Suppression of Crime

Law enforcement's role to prevent or reduce crime rates.

Access to Justice

The ability for individuals to obtain legal representation and services.

Migrant and Refugee Justice Issues

Considerations for non-citizens within the legal and correctional frames.