Unit 1A: Human Body System Functions, Homeostasis Mechanisms and Anatomy Orientation Terms (Honors and DE)

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39 Terms

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integumentary system

Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nail, largest organ of the human body; separate internal from external environment

<p>Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nail, largest organ of the human body; separate internal from external environment</p>
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skeletal system

Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints; bone marrow makes blood cells

<p>Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints; bone marrow makes blood cells</p>
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Muscular System

enables movement of the body and internal organs

<p>enables movement of the body and internal organs</p>
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lymphatic system

Composed of a network of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs. Provides defense against infection.

<p>Composed of a network of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs. Provides defense against infection.</p>
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respiratory system

Brings oxygen into the body. Gets rid of carbon dioxide.

<p>Brings oxygen into the body. Gets rid of carbon dioxide.</p>
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digestive system

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.

<p>Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells.</p>
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nervous system

the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems

<p>the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems</p>
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endocrine system

Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.

<p>Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.</p>
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urinary system

Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood.

<p>Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood.</p>
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reproductive system

system of organs involved in producing offspring

<p>system of organs involved in producing offspring</p>
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negative feedback

A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation.

<p>A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation.</p>
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positive feedback

Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output.

<p>Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output.</p>
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Homeostasis

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

<p>process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment</p>
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saggital/median plane

divides the body into left and right halves

<p>divides the body into left and right halves</p>
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frontal (coronal) plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

<p>divides the body into anterior and posterior parts</p>
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transverse

Divides body into upper and lower parts

<p>Divides body into upper and lower parts</p>
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superior

toward the head

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inferior

away from the head

<p>away from the head</p>
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anterior (ventral)

front of the body

<p>front of the body</p>
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posterior (dorsal)

back of body

<p>back of body</p>
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medial

Toward the midline of the body

<p>Toward the midline of the body</p>
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lateral

Away from the midline of the body towards sides

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intermediate

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

<p>between a more medial and a more lateral structure</p>
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proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

<p>Closer to the point of attachment</p>
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distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

<p>farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk</p>
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superficial

near the surface

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deep

away from the surface

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thoracic cavity

contains heart and lungs

<p>contains heart and lungs</p>
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abdominal cavity

contains primarily the major organs of digestion

<p>contains primarily the major organs of digestion</p>
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ventral cavity

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

<p>thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity</p>
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dorsal cavity

includes the cranial and spinal cavities.

<p>includes the cranial and spinal cavities.</p>
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apical

tip

<p>tip</p>
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basal

bottom

<p>bottom</p>
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contralateral

opposite side

<p>opposite side</p>
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ipsilateral

same side

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peripheral

on the edge

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visceral

pertaining to the internal organs

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parietal

pertaining to the outer wall of the body cavity

<p>pertaining to the outer wall of the body cavity</p>
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midsaggital

median = separates the body into equal right and left parts

<p>median = separates the body into equal right and left parts</p>