Chapter 26 A&PII

urinary system contains: 2 —, 2 —, 1 —, and 1 —

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

functions of the urinary system

filtering of blood/waste excretion 3 parts

filtration, reabsorption, secretion

functions of urinary system

synthesis of vitamin —

D

functions of urinary system

regulation of blood — and —, blood solute —, extracellular fluid —, — cell synthesis

volume and pressure, concentration, pH, red blood cell

kidneys are located —, behind peritoneum on posterior abdominal wall on either side of — from T—_L—

retroperitoneal, vertebral column, 12,3

— and — partially protect kidneys

lumbar vertebrae and rib cage

— kidney is slightly lower than -

right, left

hilum: — side of kidney

site where — and — enter

site where — and — exit

medial, renal artery and nerves enter, renal vein and ureter exit

hilum opens into — which a cavity filled with fat and —

renal sinus, loose connective tissue

kidney is protected and anchored by — layers

3

renal fascia — layer, made of thin —, anchors everything to —

outermost, connective tissue, abdominal wall

adipose capsule: — layer, used for —

middle, cushion

renal capsule: is closest to —, fibrous —

kidneys, connective tissue

two major regions of kidney: — and —

cortex and medulla

inner medulla is composed of cone shaped — with tips called —

pyramids, renal papillae

outer cortex extends between the pyramids as the —

renal columns

minor calyces: renal papillae extend into —

funnels

major calyces: converge to form single —

renal pelvis

renal pelvis: enlarged chamber formed by —

major calyces

ureter: exits at the — connects to —

hilum, urinary bladder

The nephron is the functional and histological unit of the —

kidney

4 parts of nephron

renal corpuscle, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule

urine continues from the nephron to — ducts, — ducts, — calyces, — calyces, and the —

collecting, papillary, minor, major, renal pelvis

collecting ducts, parts of loops of Henle, and papillary ducts are in the —

renal medulla

Juxtamedullary nephron: renal corpuscle near the — border

cortical medullary

Cortical nephron: renal corpuscle closer to the periphery of the —

cortex

Renal corpuscle consists of — and —

glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

Glomerulus: specialized network of extremely permeable — with — in their endothelial cell walls

capillaries, fenestrae

glomerulus supplied by — and drained by —

afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole

Bowman’s capsule surrounds the — and has — layers

glomerulus, 2

parietal layer is —, visceral layer is —-. specialized — that wrap around glomerular capillaries

outer, inner, podocytes

filtration membrane: — endothelium, — membrane, and —

capillary, basement, podocytes

filtration membrane: first stage of urine formation occurs where when fluid from blood in capillaries moves across — into —

filtration membrane, the lumen inside Bowman’s capsule

Glomerular filtration membrane: what stays in blood

blood cells, plasma membrane, protein bound minerals and hormones

glomerular filtration what does into membrane

water, electrolytes, glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, urea, uric acid

Juxtaglomerular apparatus: regulatory structure comprised of cells at the point of contact between the — wall and the — ateriole

DCT, afferent

JG apparatus regulated — and — and secretes —

blood volume, blood pressure, renin

Route of filtrate: renal tubule

lumen of —

— tubule

loops of —: two limbs —

—tubule

collecting —

extend to —

Bowman’s capsule, proximal convoluted, Henle, descending limb and ascending limb, distal convoluted tubule, collecting ducts, renal pyramids

flow of urine

— in cortex

extend into — of medulla

collecting —

ducts of —

— calyx

— calyx

renal —

—

—

nehprons, pyramids, ducts, renal papilla, minor, major, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder

arterial circulation

renal arteries: branch of — and form the —

abdominal aorta, segmental arteries

arterial circulation

interlobar arteries: ascend within — toward —

renal columns toward cortex

arterial circulation

arcuate arteries: brach and arch over the base of the —

pyramids

arterial circulation

cortical radiate arteries: project into —

cortex

arterial circulation

afferent arterioles: carry blood to the —

glomerular capillaries

the part of the circulation involved with urine formation

glomerular capillaries: are the sites of —

filtration

the part of the circulation involved with urine formation

efferent arterioles: exit the —

renal corpuscle

the part of the circulation involved with urine formation

peritubular capillaries form a plexus around the —,—, —

PCT, DCT, loop

the part of the circulation involved with urine formation

vasa recta: extend into medulla and surround — extends back toward —

nephron loops, cortex

venous drainage

blood from peritubular capillaries drain into —

cortical radiate veins

venous drainage:

— veins, — veins, — veins, —- vena cava

arcuate, interlobar, renal, inferior vena

nephron: functional units of the kidney, smallest structural component capable of producing —

urine

urine production: filtration

movement of fluid across —

filtration membrane

urine production: filtration

separates water, —, — from blood leaving behind — and —

small molecules, ions from blood, proteins, cells

urine production: filtration

— forces filtrate across filtration membrane

pressure difference

— is the driving force of filtration

blood pressure

urine production: filtration pressure

forces that affect movement of fluid into or out of the —

lumen of Bowman’s capsule

urine production: filtration pressure

glomerular capillary pressure: blood pressure inside capillary tends to move fluid — into —. — pressure

out of capillary into lumen of Bowman’s capsule, outward

urine production: filtration pressure

capsule hydrostatic pressure: pressure of filtrate already in the lumen which tends to move fluid from — into —. — pressure

lumen, capillary, inward

urine production: filtration pressure

blood colloid osmotic pressure: osmotic pressure caused by proteins in blood. Favors fluid movement from — into —. — pressure

lumen, capillary, inward

regulation of GFR

autoregulation: involves changes in degree of constriction in —

as systemic BP fluctuates, — adjusted so GFR can remain constant

afferent arterioles, afferent arteriole diameter

regulation of GFR

sympathetic stimulation: —

constricts small arteries and —

— renal blood flow and — filtrate formation

norepinephrine, afferent arterioles, decrease, decrease

urine production: tubular reabsorption

occurs as filtrate flow through the lumens of the —, —, —, and —

proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, collecting ducts

urine production: tubular reabsorption

substances are reabsorbed from the — of nephron back into —

lumen, blood

urine production: tubular reabsorption

mechanisms of reabsorption include active —, —, simple —, and facilitated —

transport, symport, diffusion, diffusion

urine production: tubular reabsorption

each tubule segment is — for reabsorption differently and these substances return to — through —

specialized, general circulation, venous system

PCT reabsorption

transport of — linked to reabsorption of most solutes

because of this, the concentration of sodium is — inside the cell and sodium moves into — of PCT from filtrate.

other substances moved from filtrate into nephron cells are substances that should be —

sodium, low, nephron cell, retained by the body

PCT reabsorption volume reabsorbed

65%

PCT reabsorption substances reabsorbed

sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, glucose, amino acids, water

PCT reabsorption mechanism

active transport, symport, antiport, osmosis

loop of Henle reabsorption

loop of Henle descends into —

descending segment is highly permeable to —

water moves out of nephron and volume of filtrate reduced another —%

medulla, water, 15

loop of Henle reabsorption

ascending thick segment: not permeable to — but is permeable to —,—,—

NaCl remains in the — of renal medulla

at the end of the loop of Henle, filtrate with DCT is — dilute than the interstitial fluid which surrounds it

water, sodium, potassium, chloride, tissue fluid, more

descending limb substances reabsorbed

permeable to water

descending loop mechanism

osmosis

thick ascending loop substances reabsorbed

impermeable to water, sodium, potassium, chloride

thick ascending limb mechanism

active transport, symport

DCT and collecting duct reabsorb variable amounts of — and — and are regulated by several —

water, salt, hormones

hormones of DCT and collecting limbs

—, —, —, and —

Aldosterone, ANP, ADH, parathyroid hormone

DCT and collecting duct reabsorption: water moves by — from distal tubule and collecting duct into more concentrated —

osmosis, interstitial fluid

DCT reabsorption: transport of sodium and chloride are increased by —, water transport if — is present

aldosterone, ADH

DCT reabsorption mechanism

active transport or symport, osmosis

collecting duct: transport of sodium and chloride requires —, water transport if — present

aldosterone, ADH

collecting duct mechanism

active transport or symport, osmosis

urea: enters — at the same concentration as in the plasma

glomerular filtrate

urea: as volume of filtrate decrease, concentration of urea —

increases

walls of nephron not very permeable to —, only 40-60% — reabsorbed

urea, passively

urate ions, creatinine, sulfates, phosphates, nitrates, — reabsorbed

concentration is high in —

— are eliminated

passively, urine, toxic substances

urine production: tubular secretion

moves metabolic by products, drugs, molecules not normally produced by the body into —

tubule of nephron

urine production: tubular secretion

occurs as filtrate flows through the lumen of —,—,— and —

proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, collecting ducts

urine production: tubular secretion

substances enter the — or — and —

proximal or distal tubules, collecting ducts

urine production: tubular secretion

H+, K+, and some substasnces not produced in the body are —

secreted

urine production: tubular secretion

passive secretion by —, example — produced by amino acid metabolism

diffusion, ammonia

urine production: tubular secretion

active secretion, by — or —. example substances such as —

active transport, antiport, penicillin

autoregulation by JG apparatus and sympathetic of afferent arterioles regulate the rate of — at —

filtrate formation, Bowman’s capsule

regulation of urine concentration and volume by hormones

renin, ADH, ANH

renin is an enzyme secreted by — in response to

— pressure against afferent arteriole wall or — Na+, Cl- concentrations in the DCT

JG apparatus, decrease, decrease

secreted renin enters the bloodstream and converts — to —

ACE in the blood converts — to —

angiotensinogen, angiotensin I, angiotensin I to angiotensin II

Angiotensin II has these efffects:

vasoconstriction so BP —

— rate of Aldosterone secretion

— thirst

— ADH secretion

increase, increase, increase, increase

ADH made by — secreted by —

required for most of the water reabsorption that takes place in the — and —

hypothalamus, posterior pituitary, DCT, collecting ducts

ADH secretion increases in response to

— osmolality of interstitial fluid or blood

— BP

increase, decrease

increase ADH secretion leads to

— number of aquaporin channel proteins in plasma membrane of DCT and collecting duct walls resulting in. — osmosis

increase, increase