OHIO STATE BOARD NAIL THEORY & ADVANCED MANICURE EXAM

Bacteria

One-celled microscopic organisms

Nonpathogenic

Harmless microorganisms that may perform useful functions and are safe to come in contact with since they do not cause disease or harm.

Pathogenic

Harmful, disease causing bacteria

Cocci

Sphere shaped bacteria that appear singly (alone) or in (3) select groups

Staphylococci

Pus-forming bacteria that grow in clusters like a bunch of grapes. They cause abscesses, pustules, and boils.

Strepococci

Pus-forming bacteria arranged in curved lines resembling a string of beads; cause infections such as strep throat and blood posioning

Diplococci

Spherical bacteria that grow in pairs and cause diseases such as pneumonia.

Bacilli

Rod-shaped bacteria. They are the most common bacteria & produce diseases such as tuberculosis & lockjaw

Spirilla

Spiral shaped bacteria. They are divided into subgroups and can cause syphilis and lyme disease

Mitosis

(How bacteria grows & reproduces) cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes

Infection

Invasion of the body by a pathogenic bacteria

Pus

A fluid created by infection. Contains white blood cells, debris of dead cells, tissue elements and bacteria

Local infection

An infection, such as a pimple or abscess, that is confined to a particular part of the body and appears as a lesion containing pus.

General infection (systemic infection)

An infection that results when the bloodstream carries bacteria or viruses to all parts of the body

Virus

A submicroscopic structure that invades and reproduces inside a living cell. Lives only by penetrating cells and becoming part of them. Cannot live on its own

Hepatitis

Inflammation of the liver caused by a virus or a toxin

HIV

A virus that attacks and destroys the human immune system. Causes AIDS

Hepatitis B and C

Two types of hepatitis that are of concern within the salon

Bloodborne pathogens

Disease-causing microorganisms carried in the body by blood or body fluids, such as hepatitis and HIV.

Parasites

An organism that lives in or on another organism, deriving nourishment at the expense of its host, usually without killing it

Fungi

Single-cell organisms that grow in irregular masses that include molds, mildews, and yeasts; can produce contagious diseases such as ringworm.

Scabies

contagious skin disease transmitted by the itch mite

Immunity

The ability of the body to destroy any bacteria that have gained entrance and to resist infection in general

Natural immunity

Immunity that is partly inherited and partly developed through healthy living.

Acquired immunity

immunity that the body develops after it overcomes a disease, or through inoculation (such as vaccination)

Contaminants

substances that can cause contamination

Steralization

Highest level of decontamination. it completely destroys every organism on a surface.

Disinfection

A process that eliminates many or all microorganisms, with the exception of bacteria spores on hard, nonporous surfaces

Disinfectant

Chemical agents used to destroy most bacteria and viruses on surfaces

Manufacturer's instructions

Disinfectants must be used in accordance with the

Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS)

These sheets should be available for every product kept in the salon. Operating without this is a health risk

OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)

Regulates and enforces health and safety standards in the workplace

Efficacy

The effectiveness with which a disinfecting solution kills germs when used according to the label instructions

EPA registered disinfectant (tuberculocidal)

Must be used to clean & immerse implements that come into contact with blood

Quats (Quaternary Ammonium Compounds)

A type of disinfectant considered non-toxic, odorless & fast acting (disinfect in 10-15 min)

Phenol

Disinfectant that is a caustic poison, but can be safe and effective if used properly. Mostly used for metal implements and can soften plastic materials

Alcohol and bleach

Two disinfectants used in the salon in the past, but since replaced by more advanced and effective technologies

Dispensary

MDSD sheets are to be kept in the

Mold

Fungus growth that usually grows in dark, damp places

Mildew

Moldy coating produced by fungi that can appear on walls, fabrics, and the like, and usually occurs in damp areas

Toxins

Carried by mold spores and can cause allergic reactions or sickness in some people

Antiseptics

Chemical germicide. Can kill or prevent the growth of bacteria, but they are not classified as disinfectants. They are weaker than disinfectants and can be applied safely to skin

Universal Precautions (Standard precautions)

A set of guidelines published by CDC that require the employer and the employee to assume that all human blood and body fluids are infectious for bloodborne pathogens.

Handwashing

Removes microorganisms by lifting them from the surface of the skin

Infection control

The methods used to eliminate or reduce the transmission of infectious organisms.

EPA

registers all disinfectants sold and used in the USA

Direct transmission

Transmission of blood or body fluids through touching (including shaking hands), kissing, coughing, sneezing, and talking.

Indirect transmission

Transmission of blood or body fluids through contact with an intermediate contaminated object such as a razor, extractor, nipper, or an environmental surface.

Cleaning

The process of removing dirt, dust, blood, or other visible contaminants from tools, implements and equipment

Infectious disease

A disease that is caused by a pathogen and that can be spread from one individual to another.

Bacterial spores

Bacteria capable of producing a protective coating that allows them to withstand very harsh environments, and shed the coating when conditions become more favorable.

Bacterialcidal

Capable of killing bacteria

Virucidal

Capable of destroying viruses

Fungicidal

Capable of destroying fungi

Communicable disease

A disease that can be spread from one person or species to another.

Microorganism

Any organism of microscopic or submicroscopic size.

Mycobacterium

Large family of bacteria found in soil and water

Tinea capitis

A fungal infection of the scalp characterized by red papules, or spots, at the opening of the hair follicles.

Ring worm

fungal infection of the skin that appears in circular lesions

Bioflims

Colonies of microorganisms that adhere to environmental surfaces as well as the human body. They create a sticky coating and are very hard to detect.

Sterilization

The process that completely destroys all microbial life, including spores.

Sodium hypochlorite

Household bleach

Chelating soaps

Also known as chelating detergents; they break down stubborn films and remove the residue of pedicure products such as scrubs, salts, and masks.

PPE (personal protective equipment)

Specialized clothing or equipment worn by an employee for protection against a hazard (gloves)

Anatomy

The study of body structure and the substances these structures are made of

Histology

The study of the functions and activities performed by the body's structures

Cells

The basic unit of structure and function in all living things. Responsible for carrying on all life processes

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction (cell reproduction and metabolism)

Neurons

Individual cells in the nervous system that receive, integrate, and transmit information. (nerve cells)

Metabolism

Chemical process that takes place in living organisms, through which the cells are nourished and carry out their activities. Occurs in 2 phases

Anabolism

Constructive metabolism; the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.

Catabolism

Larger more complex molecules are broken down to produce energy and simple chemical building blocks.

Tissue

A collection of similar cells that perform a specific function.

Connective tissue

Fibrous tissue that binds together, protects, and supports the various parts of the body

Epithelial tissue

A protective covering on body surfaces

Muscle tissue

Contracts and moves the various parts of the body.

Nerve tissue

Carries messages to and from the brain and controls and coordinates all bodily functions

Organ

A structure in the body that is composed of specialized tissues that allow it to perform specific functions

Circulatory system

Controls the steady circulation of the blood through the body by means of the heart and blood vessels

Endocrine system

Affects growth & development (hormones)

Integumentary system

Consists of the skin, mucous membranes, hair, and nail

206

Number of bones in the body

Phalanges

Bones of the fingers and toes

26

Number of bones in foot

Tarsal bones

The seven bones of the ankle

Metatarsal bones

The five bones of the foot

Phalanges (foot)

14 bones of the toes

Myology

Study of the nature, structure, function, and diseases of the muscles.

Abductors

Muscles that separate the fingers

Adductors

Muscles at the base of each finger that draw the fingers together

Sensory, motor, reflex

3 types of nerves

Sensory nerves

Nerves that carry information from the sense receptors to the spinal cord and brain. (afferent nerves)

Skin

Largest organ of the body

Callus

Protective layer that prevents damage to the underlying skin. Caused by repeated pressure on the skin.

Epidermis

Outermost and thinnest layer of the skin

Stratum corneum

Outermost layer of epidermis. Protects against foreign substances

Keratin

A fibrous protein that is also the principal component of hair and nails.

Melanin

Tiny grains of pigment deposited into cells in the epidermis

Dermis

Inner layer of skin

Collagen

Fibrous protein that gives the skin form and strength