RAD 110: Class test 1

Radiation

Energy transmitted by waves through space or a medium

Radiographer

An R.T. specializing in using X-rays to create images of the body.

Radiography

Making of records (radiographs) of internal structures of the body by passing x-rays or gamma rays through the body to act on specially sensitized film or an imaging plate or system.

Radiologist

A physician who specializes in the use of X-rays and other forms of both ionizing and nonionizing radiation in the diagnosis and treatment of disease

Computed Tomography (CT)

Recording of a predetermined plane in the body using an x-ray beam that is measured, recorded, and the processed by a computer for display on a monitor.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

Process of using a magnetic field and radiofrequencies to create sectional images of the body

Diagnostic Medical Sonography (Ultrasound)

Visualization of deep structures of the body by recording the reflections of pulses of ultrasonic waves directed into the tissue.

Technologist vs. Technician

In general Technologist are involved in higher level problem-solving situations and have more extensive educational preparation than do technicians.

Our Career name??

radiologic technologist, radiographer, x-ray tech

Accreditation

Voluntary peer-review process through which an agency grants to an institution a program of study that meets specific criteria

Certification

This is a voluntary process through which an agency grants recognition to an individual on demonstration, usually by examination, of specialized professional skills.

The American Society of Radiologic Technologists (ASRT)

The most prominent national professional voice for R.Ts, represents practitioners, educators, managers and administrators, and students in the pathway of radiography.

Joint Review Committee (JRC)/The Joint Commission (TJC)

Group of persons appointed by sponsoring organizations to oversee the accreditation process.

Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)

is an agency that ensures the safe use of radioactive materials for beneficial civilian purposes while protecting people and the environment. The NRC regulates commercial nuclear power plants and other uses of nuclear materials, such as in nuclear medicine, through licensing, inspection, and enforcement of its requirements.

Buffers

Activities that decrease the negative effects of stress but do not change the stressors.

Stress

Demand on time, energy, and resources with an element of threat.

Stressors

Events, both real and imagined, that increase feelings of anxiety.

Time Management

Practice of self-management related to how time is used.

Fight-or-Flight Response

Physiologic response resulting from anger and fear and triggered by a real or imagined threat.

Critical thinking

Involves sound professional judgment applied with high ethical standards and integrity.

Mission Statement

A Statement of an organization that summarizes its intent to provide service in terms of the service it offers, the intended recipients of service, and a description of the cost level.

Vision

to promote individual recognition and verifiable excellence within the medical imaging management profession

The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) or President

A person appointed by the board of directors who has full accountability for the entire hospital or healthcare organization.

Program Director

Program official who provides leadership for the program's effectiveness.

Clinical Coordinator

Program official is responsible for coordinating clinical education and evaluating its effectiveness.

Didactic

Informational and instructional activities that may occur in formal or informal settings, typically in the classroom, laboratory, or online.

Clinical Preceptor

a licensed professional who helps students in the health field apply classroom knowledge to real-world situations.

The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

is a national set of standards for protecting personal health information developed to increase public trust, hold providers accountable, secure electronic management, and increase data integrity and availability (Privacy Rule)

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

The model of human needs developed by Abraham Maslow, the original hierarchy identifies two types of needs: deficiency and growth needs were further divided into seven levels, four at the deficiency needs level (physiological, safety, belongingness, and love, and esteem) and three in the upper growth needs level ( need to know and understand, aesthetic, and self-actualization); the current hierarchy reflects five levels, two at the base reflecting the basic needs, two in the middle section reflecting psychological needs and the top which reflects self-fulfillment needs.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Inpatient

Someone admitted to the hospital for diagnostic studies or treatment.

Outpatient

A patient who comes to a healthcare facility for diagnosis or treatment but does not usually occupy a bed overnight.

methods of effective communication

Verbal Skills- spoken words, written words, tone, slang and jargon, organization of sentences, humor, all done face to face.

Nonverbal Communication- paralanguage, rhythm, tone, body language, touch, professional appearance, physical presence, posture, wrinkles in clothing, unkept hair, visual contact, personal hygiene.

Humor

using humor to relax and open conversation is acceptable. Still, the technologist must be extremely careful to avoid cultural slurs and references to age, sex, diseases, and the abilities of other health professionals. Laughter is good medicine, but when humor is used in an incorrect manner or in a wrong context or perceived as unprofessional, it becomes a tool that may prohibit good communication.

Clinical History

The information regarding a patient's condition traditionally comprises data on localization, quality, quantity, chronology, setting, aggravating or alleviating factors, and associated manifestations. **most critical and valuable diagnostic tools possessing a good history-taking skill is an essential responsibility of technologist**

Body Language

the process of communicating nonverbally through conscious or unconscious gestures and movements

Touch/palpation

Is the application of light pressure with the fingers to the body or come into or be in contact with

Professional Appearance

how someone behaves and looks in a professional setting.

Physical Appearance

the visible, outward characteristics of a person, such as their body shape, facial features, and grooming.

Visual Contact

a face-to-face communication to discuss progress, issue of concern or other appropriate matters.

3 types of touch

(1) touching for emotional support (2) touching for emphasis (3) touching for palpation/demonstration

Paralanguage

is the music of language; it is often considered a form of nonverbal communication.

Is age a barrier

NO. We change to meet the patient.

Pediatric Patients

come down to their eye level to talk, speak softly and less authoritatively, set up equipment before a child enters the room, soften room lighting, avoid loud and dramatic equipment, use gentle touch, and maintain eye contact.

Toddlers

using simple words that are familiar to the child; they are usually only concerned with the now and do not understand much; keep it short

gerontology, geriatrics

treat them with respect as any other patient, maintain eye contact, speak clearly and more slowly, talk to them, not away from them, keep them warm if needed, ask permission to touch, demonstrate compassion, ask them what makes them more comfortable, explain thoroughly and keep them informed, treat them with respect and patience.

Terminally Ill

Make sure personal feelings do not override patients' concerns, learn to communicate effectively with patients, family, and relatives, and always treat with respect and dignity. Remember, the patient is dying, so understand the stages of the grieving process.

qualities of a technologist

polite, professional, good clinical history taking, introduce, and GREAT method

objective data

are perceptible to the senses, such as signs that can be seen, heard, or felt and such things as laboratory reports. (I can see these)

Subjective Data

Pertains to or is perceived only by the affected individual, including patient emotions and experiences, pain, and severity, and is not perceptible to the senses. (pt feels these)

what kind of questions should you ask patient

open-ended and no leading questions

Sacred 7

Localization

Chronology

Quality

Severity

Onset

Aggravating or Alleviating Factors

Associated Manifestations

Localization

Determination of a precise area, usually through palpation or careful wording of questions.

Chronology

The time element of the history, usually including the onset, duration, frequency, and course of the symptoms.

Quality

Description of the character of the symptoms- for example, the color, quantity, and consistency of blood or other body substances; size or number of lumps or lesions; frequency of urination or coughing; or character of pain.

Severity

describes the intensity, quantity, or extent of the problem.

Onset

patient explaining what was happening when the illness or condition began

Aggravating or Alleviating Factors

the circumstance that produces the problem or intensity should be well defined, including anything that aggravates or alleviates.

Associated Manifestations

it may be necessary to find out whether other symptoms accompany the chief complaint to determine whether all the symptoms relate to the chief complaint or are related to a separate condition.

ALARA

Mnemonic meaning to keep all radiation exposure as low as reasonably achievable.

Natural (background) Radiation

occur spontaneously in nature and is not affected by human activity.

Human-made (artificial) Ionizing Radiation- (aka X-rays)

is a form of electromagnetic radiation that travels at the speed of light.

List the (5) ways X-rays interact with matter:

1. Classic coherent scattering 2. Photoelectric interaction 3. Compton scattering 4. pair production 5. photodisintegration.

classic coherent scattering

interaction with matter in which a low-energy photon (below 10 kilo electron volts) is absorbed and released with its same energy, frequency, and wavelength but with a change of direction

photoelectric interaction

interaction with matter in which a photon strikes an inner shell electron, causing its ejection from orbit with the complete absorption of the photon's energy

Compton scattering

Interaction with matter in which a higher energy photon strikes a loosely bound outer electron, removing it from its shell, and the remaining energy is released as a scattered photon.

Pair production

Occur in the therapeutic range of energies

Photodisintegration

Occur in the therapeutic range of energies.

acute radiation syndrome

occurs only when the organism is exposed fully to an external radiation source in a few minutes. Then, a full set of signs and symptoms develop.

Stage 1

Prodromal Stage- nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea

Stage 2

Latent Period- organisms feel well, but the body undergoes biological changes that will lead to the final period.

Stage 3

Manifest State- the organism will feel the full effect of the exposure, leading to either recovery or death.

3 cardinal principles

· Time- This limits the amount of radiation a patient will receive.

· Distance- The increased distance between the patient and the radiation source will lessen the entrance or skin dose to the patient.

· Shielding- the shield is made of lead, which blocks the exposure of the patient

body mechanics

The ways we move as we go about our lives.

The Base of support, the center of gravity, feet shoulder with apart, neutral spine position, avoid twisting, back is always straight

Orthostatic blood pressure drop

A substantial drop in blood pressure occurs when someone stands up from the sitting or supine position; Also known as postural hypotension.

What is the leading cause of disability in healthcare?

The US Department of Labor Statistics cites sprains, strains, and other musculoskeletal problems as the Leading Causes of disability for people in healthcare

Mobility Muscles

muscles found in the four extremities and designed for movement; examples include the biceps femoris, biceps brachii, and gastrocnemius. These muscles have long white tendons and are also called white muscles. (arms and legs)

stability muscles

Muscles that support the torso are designed to provide postural stability; examples include the latissimus dorsi, abdominal group, and erector spinae. These muscles tend to have thick red muscle bellies, also called red muscles. (trunk)

position in 2 person lift

stronger person always in the back with torso, two people lift the patient and verbally communicate what they are doing with the patient step by step until they are safely where they need to be.

Assisted Standing Pivot Transfer

This is where the tech can help a patient who can stand for short periods of time. The tech will bring the patient as close to where they need to go, then communicate when to move to stand and pivot to the location.

ambulatory patient

able to walk

Rapport

Relation of harmony and accord between two persons

simple vs. involved immobilization techniques

sponges vs mummy method (sandbags are simple and opaque if allowed by policy)

Are we allowed to use restraints?

NO

can we remove immobilization devices on trauma patients?

NO

can we remove immobilization devices on patients who put them on themselves?

YES, If they are bleeding or oozing do not remove them.

trick to putting tape on patient

twist tape at skin so no adhesive it touching the patients skin.