Human Dev + Occupation - Exam 1; lab

Sagittal plane actions

Sagittal plane divides into left and right. Looking at the person from the side.

• Flexion/extension

• Dorsiflexion/plantarflexion

Flexion/extension

Flexion - decreases angle of a joint, moves body parts closer together

Extension - increases angle of a joint, moves body parts further apart

Dorsiflexion/plantarflexion

Dorsiflexion - flex foot

Plantarflexion - point toe

Coronal/frontal plane actions

Divides body into ventral/dorsal. Looking at the person from the front or back.

• Abduction/adduction

• Radial/ulnar deviation

• Inversion/eversion

Abduction

Movement or position away from the midline of the body (or body part) in case of the hand

Adduction

Movement or positioning towards the midline of the body

Radial/ulnar deviation

Radial - toward thumb

Ulnar - toward pinky

Inversion/eversion of foot

Transverse plane actions

Divides body into superior/inferior parts.

• Rotation

• Pronation/supination

Pronation/supination

Pronation - palm down

Supination - palm up

Dissociation

Ability to move one body part independently of another during functional tasks; associated with rotation

Weight shift

Shifting weight initiates movement.

Unweighting a limb allows for functional use.

Weight bearing

Where weight is being supported.

Weight bearing precedes skill in distal function (base of support).

Base of support

Wide - more stable

Narrow - less stable

Developmental positions

Supine - on back

Prone - on belly

Prone on elbows

Prone on extended elbows

Rolling prone to supine

Rolling supine to prone

Sitting with/without support

Crawling

Standing

Walking

Postural tone/muscle tone

The degree of tension in the muscles

• Hypotonia - low or decreased muscle tone

• Hypertonia - high or increased tone

Rooting reflex

Onset: in utero, early

Integration: 5-6 months

Facilitation: stroke cheek and baby turns toward touch and opens mouth

Purpose: assist with initial feeding

Suck, swallow, breathe

Onset: 28 weeks gestation

Integrated: 2-5 months

Facilitation: downward pressure of tongue

Purpose: sucking/nutrition

Moro reflex

Onset: in utero, early

Integrated: 2-4 months, turns into an adult startle

Facilitation: sudden drop of head or noise - extends arms and legs and arches back, followed by flexion and often a cry

Purpose: beginning of fight or flight

Grasping reflex

Onset: in utero, late

Integrated: 3-4 months

Facilitation: stroke palm of hand and response is a fisted tight grasp

Purpose: beginning of grasp/release patterns

Primitive walking (stepping) reflex

Onset: in utero

Integrated: 2-3 months

Facilitation: series of stepping motion when baby held under the arms with feet on the ground

Purpose: unknown

Spinal galant reflex

Onset: in utero, late; present at birth

Integrated: 3-9 months

Facilitation: Baby is in prone, touch down one side of spine results in hip flexion and lateral flexion towards stimulus

Purpose: emerging crawling patterns

Tonic labyrinthine reflex

Onset: in utero, present at birth

Integrated: 6 months

Facilitation: Prone - flex head forward and body flexes. Supine - extend head and body extends.

Purpose: postural stability and head control

Asymmetrical tonic neck reflex (ATNR)

Onset: in utero, middle

Integrated: 4-6 months

Facilitation: Head is turned to one side, the arm and leg extend on side face is turned and opposite flexes

Purpose: early eye hand coordination, cross pattern movements, and dissociation of right and left sides of the body.

Symmetrical tonic neck reflex (STNR)

Onset: after birth, 6-9 months

Integrated: 9-11 months

Facilitation: Flex head - arms will flex and legs extend. Extend head and arms will extend and legs will flex.

Purpose: anti-gravity positions, moving into quarduped, dissociation of top and bottom half of body

Landua reflex

Onset: after birth, 3-10 weeks

Integrated: 1 year

Facilitation: baby held horizontally in the air and head will extend, arms extend and legs slightly flex. More about being suspended than head position.

Purpose: postural development

Postural control reflexes

Do not integrate, instead become more mature

Righting reactions

Onset: after birth, 3-12 months

Integrated: matures

Facilitation: quadruped - head maintains midline position when other body parts move to side or forward

Purpose: reactions of gravity, maintain upright posture. Safety - helps against falling

Equilibrium reactions

Onset: after birth, 9 months

Integrated: matures

Facilitation: Stimulation of labyrinths - arms extend to maintain balance. Parachute - infant held in air and tilted forward. Sideways parachute- arms to side when sitting to prop self

Purpose: Foundation for adaptive responses to environmental changes