ap gov unit 1 vocab

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69 Terms

1

area studies

a regional focus when studying political science rather than studying parts of the world where similar variables are clustered

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Behavioral revolution

a movement within poli sci during the 50s/60s to develop general theories about individual political behavior that could be applied across all countries

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3

Causal Relationship

cause and effect relationship

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4

Comparative Method

the means by which social scientists make comparisons across cases

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5

Comparative Politics

the study and comparison of domestic policies across countries

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6

Correlation

an apparent relation between two or more variables

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7

Deductive reasoning

research that works from a hypothesis that is then tested against data

general ideas to specific conclusions

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8

Endogeneity

the issue that cause and effect are not often clear, in that variables may be both cause and effect in relationship to one another

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9

Equality

a shared material standard of individuals within a community/society/country

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10

Formal Institutions

Institutions usually based on officially sanctioned rules that are relatively clear (ex: government bureaucracies, educational systems, legal systems)

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11

Freedom

ability of an individual to act independently, without fear of restriction or punishment by the state or other individuals/groups in society

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12

Game theory

an approach that emphasizes how actors/organizations behave in their goal to influence others; built upon the assumption of rational choice

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13

Inductive Reasoning

research that works from case studies in order to generate hypotheses

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14

Informal Institution

institutions with unwritten and unofficial rules (ex: rules of social etiquette, traditions and customs, and family norms and values)

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15

Institution

an organization or activity that is self-perpetuating and valued for its own sake

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16

International Relations

a field of political science that concentrates on relations between countries, such as foreign policy, war, trade, and foreign aid

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17

Modernization Theory

a theory asserting that as societies developed, they would take on a set of common characteristics, including democracy and capitalism

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18

Multicausality

when variables are interconnected and interact together to produce particular outcomes

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19

Politics

the struggle in any group for power that will give one or more persons the ability to make decisions for the group

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20

Power

the ability to influence others or impose one’s will on them

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21

Quantitative Method

study through statistical data from many cases

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22

Qualitative Method

study through an in-depth investigation of a limited number of cases (often with the use of interviews, ethnography, surveys, and archival works)

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23

Rational Choice

approach that assumes individuals weigh the costs and benefits and make choices to maximize their benefits

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24

Selection Bias

a focus on effects rather than causes, which can lead to inaccurate conclusions about correlation or causation

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25

Theory

an integrated set of hypotheses, assumptions, and facts

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26

Asymmetric Federalism

when power is divided unevenly between regional bodies (ex:some regions are given greater power over taxation or language rights than others) a more likely outcome in a country with significant ethnic divisions

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27

Autonomy

the ability of the state to wield its power independently of the public

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28

Capacity

the ability of the state to wield power to carry out basic tasks (ex: defending territory, making and enforcing rules, collecting taxes, and managing the economy)

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29

Charismatic Legitimacy

legitimacy built on the force of ideas embodied by an individual leader (ex: jesus, hitler)

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30

country

refers to state, government, regime, and the people who live within that political system

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31

Devolution

process in which political power is “sent down” to lover levels of state and government

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32

Failed State

a state so weak that its political structure collapses, leading to anarchy and violence (ex: Somalia)

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33

Federalism

system in which significant state powers, such as taxation, lawmaking, and security are devolved to regional or local bodies, and the devolution is constitutionally protected

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34

Government

the leadership or elite in charge of running the state

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35

Legitimacy

a value whereby an institution is accepted by the public as right and proper, thus giving it authority and power

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36

Rational-legal legitimacy

legitimacy based on a system of laws and procedures that are highly institutionalized (ex: bureaucracy)

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37

Regime

the fundamental rules and norms of politics, embodying long-term goals regarding individual freedom and collective equality, where power should reside, and the use of that power

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38

Sovereignty

ability of a state to carry out actions or policies within a territory independently from external actors or internal rivals

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39

State

the organization that maintains a monopoly of violence over a given territory OR a set of political institutions to generate and execute policy regarding freedom and equality

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40

Strong State

a state that is able fulfill basic tasks (ex: defending territory, making and enforcing rules, collecting taxes, and managing the economy)

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41

Traditional Legitimacy

legitimacy that accepts aspects of politics because they have been institutionalized over a long period of time

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42

Unitary State

state where most political power exists at the national level in one geographical location, with limited local authority

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43

Weak State

a state that has difficulty fulfilling basic tasks

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44

Anarchism

political ideology that stresses the elimination of the state and private property as a way to achieve both freedom and equality for all

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45

Citizenship

an individual’s relationship to the state, wherein citizens swear allegiance to the state and the state in return is obligated to provide rights to those citizens

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46

Communism

political ideology that says state should control all economic resources and provide true equality which involves abolishing private property and letting the state curb individual freedoms for the whole

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47

Conservatives

ppl with a political attitude that is skeptical of change and supports the current order

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48

Culture

basic institutions that define a society

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49

Ethnic Conflict

a conflict in which different ethnicities struggle to achieve certain political or economic goals at the others’ expense

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50

Ethnic Identity/Ethnicity

specific attributes and societal institutions that make one group of people culturally different from others

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51

Fascism

a political ideology that asserts the superiority and inferiority of different groups of people and stresses a low degree of freedom and equality to achieve a powerful state

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52

Fundamentalism

a view of religion as absolute and inerrant that should be legally enforced by making faith the sovereign authority

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53

Liberal democracy

political system that promotes participation, competition, and liberty and emphasizes individual freedom and civil rights

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54

Liberalism (attitude)

political attitude that favors evolutionary change within the system and believe that current institutions can be instruments of positive change

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55

liberalism (ideology)

ideology that favors a limited state role in society/economy and places a high priority on individual political and economic freedom

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56

Liberals

those with a political attitude that favors evolutionary change and who believe that existing institutions can be an instrument of positive change

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57

Nation

a group that desires self-government through an independent state

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58

National conflict

a conflict in which one or more groups within a country develop clear aspirations for political independence, clashing with others as a result

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59

National identity

a sense of belonging to a nation and a belief in its political aspirations

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60

Nationalism

pride in one’s people and the belief that they have a unique political identity

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61

Nation-state

a state encompassing one dominant nation that it claims to embody and represent

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62

Patriotism

pride in one’s state

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63

Political attitude

description of one’s views regarding the speed and scope/methods with which political changes should take place in a society

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64

Political culture

the basic norms for political activity in a society

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65

Political ideology

the basic values held by an individual about the fundamental goals of politics or the ideal balance of freedom and equality

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66

Radicals

those with a political attitude that favors dramatic change, often revolution

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67

Reactionary

those who seek to restore the institutions of a real or imagined earlier order

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68

Social Democracy (Socialism)

political ideology that encourages freedom and equality to be balanced through the state‘s management of the economy and provision of social expenditures

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69

Society

complex human organization; collection of people bound by shared institutions that define how human relations should be conducted

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Imperialism Rise in Nationalism • During the French and Industrial Revolution, nationalism continued to inspire nations to increase their political and economic power. • Nationalism became the ideal force in the political, economic, and cultural life in the world, becoming the first universal ideology-organizing all people into a nation state. Nationalism Defined • The strong belief that the interest of a particular nation-state is of primary importance. o Nation-State – a state where the vast majority shares the same culture and is conscious of it. It is an ideal in which cultural boundaries match up with political ones. • As an ideology, it is based on the idea that the individual’s loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual/group interests. • Exalting one nation’s belief above all others and placing primary emphasis on promotion of its culture and interests, excluding the interests of others. Changing the World through a Nationalistic Vision • The French Revolution significantly changed the political world and how countries govern. • The Industrial Revolution significantly changed the economic world. • The Age of Imperialism (1870-1914) dramatically changed the political, economic, and social world. What is Imperialism? • Imperialism- The policy of extending the rule of authority of an empire or nation over foreign countries, or of acquiring and holding colonies and dependencies. Power and influence are done through diplomacy or military force. Reasons for Imperialism • There are 5 main motives for empires to seek to expand their rule over other countries or territories: 1. Exploratory • Imperial nations wanted to explore territory unknown to them. • The main purpose for this exploration of new lands was for resource acquisition, medical or scientific research. o Charles Darwin • Other reasons: o Cartography (map making) o Adventure 2. Ethnocentric • Europeans acted on the concept of ethnocentrism o Ethnocentrism- the belief that one race or nation is superior to others. • Ethnocentrism developed out of Charles Darwin’s “survival of the fittest” theory. Philosophers used the theory to explain why there were superior races and inferior races. o This became known as Social Darwinism. • Most imperial nations believed that their cultural values or beliefs were superior to other nations or groups. • Believed imperial conquest would bring successful culture to inferior people. 3. Religious • Imperial expansion promoted a religious movement of people setting out to convert new members of conquered territories. • With the belief that Christianity was superior, missionaries believed it was their duty to spread Christianity to the world. • Christian missionaries established churches, and in doing so, they spread Western culture values as well. • Typically, missionaries spread the imperial nation's language through education and religious interactions. 4. Political • Patriotism and Nationalism helped spur our imperial growth, thus creating competition against other supremacies. • It was a matter of national pride, respect, and security. • Furthermore, European rivalry spurred nations for imperial conquest. Since land equaled power, the more land a country could acquire the more prestige they could wield across the globe. • Empires wanted strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. • The empire believed they must expand, thus they needed to be defended. 5. Economic • With the Industrial Revolution taking place during the same time, governments and private companies contributed to find ways to maximize profits. • Imperialized countries provided European factories and markets with natural resources (old and new) to manufacture products. • Trading posts were strategically placed around imperialized countries to maximize and increase profits. o Such places as the Suez Canal in Egypt which was controlled by the British provided strategic choke hold over many European powers. o Imperial powers competed over the best potential locations for resources, markets, and trade. History of Imperialism • Ancient Imperialism 600 BCE-500 CE o Roman Empire, Ancient China, Greek Empire, Persian Empire, Babylonian Empire. • Middle Age Imperialism (Age of Colonialism-1400-1800s) o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Russia. • Age of Imperialism 1870-1914 o Great Britain, Spain, Portugal, France, Germany, Belgium, Italy, Japan, United States, Ottoman Empire, Russia. • Current Imperialism...? o U.S. Military intervention (i.e. Middle East) o Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Imperialism Colonialism • Refers to political or economic control, either legally or illegally. • Refers to where one nation assumes control over the other. • Creating an empire, expanding into neighboring regions and expanding the dominance far outside its borders. • Where a country conquers and rules over other regions for exploiting resources from the conquered country for the conqueror's benefit. • Foreign government controls/governs a territory without significant settlement. • Foreign government controls/governs the territory from within the land being colonized. • Little to no new settlement established on fresh territory. • Movement to settle to fresh territory. Age of Colonialism WHEN? • Started around the late 1400s and ended around the late 1700s/early 1800s. WHY? • Primary Reason: European countries, wished to find a direct trade route to Asia (China & India) and the East Indies. o Quicker and relatively more effective than land routes over Asia. • Secondary Reason: Empire expansion (land power) WHO? • Countries involved: Great Britain, France, Spain, the Dutch & Portugal. • Individuals’ knowns as Mercantilists believed that maintaining imperialized territory and colonizing the region could serve as a source of wealth, while personal motives by rulers, explorers, and missionaries could therefore promote their own agenda. o This agenda being “Glory, God and Gold”. Mercantilism • Mercantilism was a popular and main economic system for many European nations during the 16th to 18th centuries. • The main goal was to increase a nation’s wealth by promoting government rule of a nation’s economy for the purpose of enhancing state power at the expense of rival national power. • It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism. Why did mercantilists want colonies? • Mercantilists believed that a country must have an excess of exports over imports. • By colonizing territory, it provided the nation with indispensable wealth of precious raw materials. • Therefore, the claimed territory served as a market and supplier of raw materials for the mother country. Which, in time, provided an excess of exports for the nation and thus created wealth. o Development of Trading Companies to support this economic system. Hudson Bay Company – (1670). Controlled primarily North America. o Dutch East Indie Trading Company (1682) o East Indian Trading Company (1600) o Royal African Trade Company (1672) WHERE? • European nations begun to colonize the America, India and the East Indies to create a direct trade route. • Great Britain was the leading power in India, Australia and North America, South Africa. • Spain colonized central and South America. • French held Louisiana, coastal land of Africa and French Guinea. • The Dutch built an empire in the East Indies. • The Portuguese was able to take control of present-day Brazil and the southern tip of South America and Japan. Age of Colonialism • As countries started to imperialize these regions, eventually the concept of colonization took hold: • This is what makes the Age of Colonialism extremely different! End of Colonialism • By 1800, colonialism became less popular • Why? o Revolutions (Spain, France & American) o The Napoleonic Wars o Struggle for nationalism and democracy. o Exhausted all money and energy to supervise their colonies. Waiting to wake again • Imperialism would stay quiet for close to 50 years before Great Britain and France’s economies revitalized. • The outbreak of the Industrial Revolution only encouraged and revitalized European nations to begin their conquest for new territory and resources. Age of Imperialism THE SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA 1870-1914 Conditions Prior to Imperialism of Africa  European interest in exploiting Africa was minimal.  Their economic interests & profit in Africa primarily came through coastal trade that took place during the 1500-1700s.  The slave trade became the main source of European profit.  Furthermore, disease, political instability, lack of transportation and unpredictable climate all discouraged Europeans from seeking territory. Slave Trade & the Trans-Atlantic Slave Voyages  Forced labor was not uncommon during the 13-17th Centuries. Africans and Europeans had been trading goods and people across the Mediteranea for centuries.  This all changed from 1526 to 1867, as a new system of slavery was introduced that became highly “commercialized, racialized and inherited”  By 1690, the America and West Indies saw approximately 30,000 African people shipped from Africa. A century later, that number grew to 85,000 people per year.  By 1867, approximately 12.5 million people (about twice the population of Arizona) left Africa in a slave ship. What Changed? 1. End of the Slave Trade- Left a need for trade between Europe and Africa. 2. Innovation in technology- The steam engine and iron hulled boats allowed Europe 3. Discovery of new raw materials- Explorers located vast raw materials and resources and this only spurred imperialism with Europe in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. 4. Politics- Unification of Germany and Italy left little room to expand in Europe. Germany and Italy both needed raw materials to “catch up” with Britain and France so they looked to Africa. The Scramble for Africa  The scramble started in 1870.  Although some coastal land had previously been acquired before 1870, the need for territory quickly accelerated as European countries looked t get deeper into Africa.  Within 20 years, nearly all continents were placed under imperialistic rule. Who was Involved?  Great Britain  France  Germany  Italy  Portugal  Belgium  Spain (kind) Violent Affairs  Violence broke out multiple times when European nations looked to claim the same territory.  Germ Chancellor. Otto van Bismarck. Attempted to avert the possibility of violence against the European powers.  In 1884, Bismarck organized a conference in Berlin for the European nations. The Berlin Conference (1884-85)  The conference looked to set ground rules for future annexation of African territory by European Nations.  Annexation is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state’s territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.  From a distant perspective, it looked like it would reduce tensions among European nations and avert war.  At the heart of the meeting, these European countries negotiated their claims to African territory, made it official and then mapped their regions.  Furthermore, the leaders agreed to allow free trade among imperialized territory and some homework for negotiating future European claims in Africa was established. Further Path  After the conference, european powers continued to expand their claims in Africa so that by 1900. 90% of the African territory had been claimed. A Turn towards Colonization?  Upon the imperialization of African territory, European nations and little interest in African land unless it produced economic wealth.  Therefore, European governments put little effort and expertise into these imperialized regions.  In most cases, this emat a form of indirect rule. Thus, governing the natin without sufficient settlement and government from within the mother country. Some Exceptions  There were some exemptions through in Africa as colonization was a necessary for some regions i n Africa.  Some regions where diamonds and gold were present. Government looked to protectorate the regions and establish rule and settlement in the regions.  Protectorates: A state controlled and protected by another state for defense against aggression and other law violations. Would  Some examples include South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Congo. Conclusion  Although it may appear that the Berlin Conference averted war amid the African Scramble, imperialism eventually brought the world into worldwide conflict.  With the continued desire to create an empire by European nations. World War 1 would break out which can be linked to this quest at imperialism.
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