Biology Final

A scientist observes that when she opens the back door of her house to let her cat out, the songs of a certain species of bird abruptly change. She wants to follow up on her observations with an informal experiment. Which of the following is the best hypothesis for explaining the birds’ song changes? 

The bird species switches from song to warning call whenever it sees a potential predator

A scientist wants to test the hypothesis that a certain bird species in her back yard changes its songs to warning calls whenever it detects the presence of a potential predator. Which of the following most likely describes her initial observations? 

Each time the scientist let her cat outside, the birds abruptly changed their songs.

A scientist wishes to test a new antibiotic’s ability to treat stubborn bacterial infections. He tests his hypothesis that the antibiotic works better than existing treatments by giving bacterial infections to mice and treating them with the antibiotic. He then determines how many of the mice recover from their infections. What is missing from his experimental design? 

He is missing a control group of mice that did not receive the new antibiotic.

The smallest unit of biological structure that meets the functional requirements of “living” is the

Cell

Which of the following sequences represents the hierarchy of biological organization from the most complex to the least complex level?

biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism

A suggested and testable explanation for an event is called a ________.

hypothesis

The type of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion is called ________.

inductive reasoning

Magnesium has an atomic number of 12. Which of the following statements is true of a neutral magnesium atom?

12 protons, 12 electrons, and 12 neutrons

An isotope of sodium (Na) has a mass number of 22. How many neutrons does it have?

11

Which of the following statements is not true?

Water is the most abundant atom in Earth’s atmosphere

Using a pH meter, you find the pH of an unknown solution to be 8.0. How would you describe this solution?

weakly basic

An example of a monosaccharide is ________.

all of the above

Phospholipids are important components of __________.

the plasma membrane of cells

The monomers that make up proteins are called _________.

amino acids

Which of these do all prokaryotes and eukaryotes share?

plasma membrane

The tails of the phospholipids of the plasma membrane are composed of _____ and are _______?

fatty acid groups; hydrophobic

Water moves via osmosis_______.

from an area with a low concentration of solutes to an area with a higher one

Which of the following is not true about enzymes?

They are consumed by the reactions they catalyze.

The energy currency used by cells is _____.

ATP

The glucose that enters the glycolysis pathway is split into two molecules of _________.

Pyruvate

Chemiosmosis involves

the movement of hydrogen ions across a mitochondrial membrane

Which of the following fermentation methods can occur in animal skeletal muscles?

lactic acid fermentation

What two products result from photosynthesis?

glucose and oxygen

Which molecule absorbs the energy of a photon in photosynthesis?

chlorophyll

Plants produce oxygen when they photosynthesize. Where does the oxygen come from?

splitting water molecules

Which color(s) of light does chlorophyll *a* reflect?

green

Where in plant cells does the Calvin cycle take place?

stroma

What molecule catalyzes a reaction between CO2 and RuBP, which forms a six-carbon compound that is immediately converted into two three-carbon compounds.

RuBisCO

A diploid cell has ________ the number of chromosomes as a haploid cell.

twice

Chromosomes are duplicated during what portion of the cell cycle?

S phase

Separation of the sister chromatids is a characteristic of which stage of mitosis?

anaphase

The individual chromosomes become visible with a light microscope during which stage of mitosis?

prophase

________ are changes to the nucleotides in a segment of DNA that codes for a protein.

Gene Mutations

Which eukaryotic cell-cycle event is missing in binary fission?

mitosis

What is a likely evolutionary advantage of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?

sexual reproduction results in greater variation in the offspring

Which type of life cycle has both a haploid and diploid multicellular stage?

alternation of generations

Meiosis produces ________ daughter cells.

four hapliod

At which stage of meiosis are sister chromatids separated from each other?

Anaphase II

Imagine that you are performing a cross involving seed color in garden pea plants. What traits would you expect to observe in the F1 offspring if you cross true-breeding parents with green seeds and yellow seeds? Yellow seed color is dominant over green.

only yellow seeds

Imagine that you are performing a cross involving seed texture in garden pea plants. You cross true-breeding round and wrinkled parents to obtain F1 offspring. Which of the following experimental results in terms of numbers of plants are closest to what you expect in the F2 progeny?

3:1 round seeds:wringled seeds

The observable traits expressed by an organism are described as its ________.

phenotype

A recessive trait will be observed in individuals that are ________ for that trait.

homozygous

What are the types of gametes that can be produced by an individual with the genotype AaBb?

AB, Ab, aB, ab

If black and white true-breeding mice are mated and the result is all gray offspring, what inheritance pattern would this be indicative of?

incomplete dominance

The ABO blood groups in humans are expressed as the IA, IB, and i alleles. The IA allele encodes the A blood group antigen, IB encodes B, and i encodes O. Both A and B are dominant to O. If a heterozygous blood type A parent (IAi) and a heterozygous blood type B parent (IBi) mate, one quarter of their offspring are expected to have the AB blood type (IAIB) in which both antigens are expressed equally. Therefore, ABO blood groups are an example of:

multiple alleles and codominance

Which of the following does cytosine pair with?

guanine

Prokaryotes contain a ________chromosome, and eukaryotes contain ________ chromosomes.

double-stranded circular; double-stranded linear

The initial mechanism for repairing nucleotide errors in DNA is ________.

DNA polymerase proofreading

A promoter is ________.

a specific sequence of DNA nucleotides

The RNA components of ribosomes are synthesized in the ________.

nucleolus

How long would the peptide be that is translated from this MRNA sequence: 5'-AUGGGCUACCGA-3'?

4

In gel electrophoresis of DNA, the different bands in the final gel form because the DNA molecules ________.

have different lengths

In the reproductive cloning of an animal, the genome of the cloned individual comes from ________.

a body cell

What carries a gene from one organism into a bacteria cell?

a plasmid

What is a genetically modified organism (GMO)?

an organism with an artificially altered genome

Genomics can be used in agriculture to:

all of the above

Which scientific concept did Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace independently discover?

natural selection

What is the difference between micro- and macroevolution?

Microevolution describes the evolution of populations, while macroevolution describes the emergence of new species over long periods of time.

Population genetics is the study of ________.

how allele frequencies in a population change over time

Galápagos medium ground finches are found on Santa Cruz and San Cristóbal islands, which are separated by about 100 km of ocean. Occasionally, individuals from either island fly to the other island to stay. This can alter the allele frequencies of the population through which of the following mechanisms?

gene flow

The wing of a bird and the arm of a human are examples of ________.

homologous structures

In which of the following pairs do both evolutionary processes introduce new genetic variation into a population?

mutation and gene floe

Which situation would most likely lead to allopatric speciation?

A flood causes the formation of a new lake.

What is a phylogeny a description of?

evolutionary history

What do scientists in the field of systematics accomplish?

organize and classify organisms

Which statement about the taxonomic classification system is correct?

Species are the most specific category of classification.

Which best describes the relationship between chimpanzees and humans?

chimpanzees and humans evolved from a common ancestor

Which best describes a branch point in a phylogenetic tree?

new lineage

Which statement about analogies is correct?

They are derived by response to similar environmental pressures.

What kind of trait is important to cladistics?

shared derived traits

What is true about organisms that are a part of the same clade?

They evolved from a shared ancestor.

A monophyletic group is a ________.

clade

The first forms of life on Earth were thought to be_______.

prokaryotes

The first organisms that oxygenated the atmosphere were _______.

cyanobacteria

Which of the following consist of prokaryotic cells?

bacteria and archaea

Prokaryotes stain as Gram-positive or Gram-negative because of differences in the _______.

cell wall

Prokaryotes that obtain their energy from chemical compounds are called _____.

chemotrophs

What event is thought to have contributed to the evolution of eukaryotes?

oxygenation of the atmosphere

Mitochondria most likely evolved from _____________.

membrane proliferation

Protists with the capabilities to absorb nutrients from dead organisms are called_____________.

saprobes

Which polysaccharide is usually found in the cell walls of fungi?

chitin

What term describes the close association of a fungus with the root of a tree?

a mycorrhiza

The land plants are probably descendants of which of these groups?

green algae

The event that leads from the haploid stage to the diploid stage in alternation of generations is ________.

ferrilization

Moss is an example of which type of plant?

vascular

Which is the most diverse group of seedless vascular plants?

the ferns

Which of the following traits characterizes gymnosperms?

The plants carry exposed seeds on modified leaves.

What adaptation do seed plants have in addition to the seed that is not found in seedless plants?

pollen

Pollen grains develop in which structure?

anther

Corn develops from a seedling with a single cotyledon, displays parallel veins on its leaves, and produces monosulcate pollen. It is most likely:

a monocot

Which of the following is not a feature common to most animals?

asexual reproduction

The large central opening in the poriferan body is called the _____.

osculum

Cnidocytes are found in _____.

phylum Cnidaria

Which group of flatworms are primarily external parasites of fish?

monogeneans

Crustaceans are _____.

ecdysozoans

A mantle and mantle cavity are present in _____.

class Bivalvia

Annelids have a _____.

a true coelom

Echinoderms in their larval state have _____.

bilateral symmetry

Members of Chondrichthyes differ from members of Osteichthyes by having a ________.

cartilaginous skeleton

Squamata includes _____.

lizards and snakes