APUSH Period 2 Vocabulary

Important vocabulary form Period 2.

joint-stock companies

business owned by investors, who purchase shares of stock and share the profits and losses.

Parliament

Legislature of Great Britain, composed of the House of Commons, whose members are elected, and the House of Lords, whose members are either hereditary or appointed.

Puritans

English religious dissenters who sought to "purify" the Church of England of its Catholic practices.

The Powhatan Confederacy

an alliance of several powerful Algonquian tribes under the leadership of Chief Powhatan, organized into thirty chiefdoms along much of the Atlantic coast in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries.

tobacco

a "cash crop" grown in the Caribbean as well as the Virginia and Maryland colonies, made increasingly profitable by the rapidly growing popularity of smoking in Europe after the voyages of Columbus.

headright

a land-grant policy that promised fifty acres to any colonist who could afford passage to Virginia, as well as fifty more for any accompanying servants. The headright policy was eventually expanded to include any colonists—and was also adopted in other colonies.

The Mayflower Compact

a formal agreement signed by the Separatist colonists aboard the Mayflower in 1620 to abide by laws made by leaders of their own choosing.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

English colony founded by Puritans in 1630 as a haven for persecuted Congregationalists.

John Winthrop

Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, and like other puritans disliked democracy. Was a lawyer. Speaker of "City upon a hill".

Anne Hutchison

a devoted Puritan, started to hold prayer meetings where they discussed sermons and compared ministers. This created a problem for Puritan leaders; in 1637, the General Court called her to trial to answer to charges of heresy, and was banished. Fled to Rhode Island.

Roger Williams

a separatist that disagreed with the awful treatment of Native Americans and many Puritan practices; such as a strict government, forced worship, and the lack of separation between church and state.

Jamestown

the first permanent English settlement in North America, founded in marshy East Virginia by the Virginia Company and run by John Smith. Nearly abandoned but salvaged by Lord De La Warr (Thomas West).

North and South Carolina

English proprietary colonies, originally formed as the Carolina colonies, officially separated into the colonies of North and South Carolina in 1712, whose semitropical climate made them profitable centers of rice, timber, and tar production.

New Netherland

Dutch colony conquered by the English to become four new colonies New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.

Bacon's Rebellion

unsuccessful revolt led by planter Nathaniel Bacon against Virginia governor William Berkeley's administration, which, Bacon charged, had failed to protect settlers from Indian raids.

Pequot War

after a Pequot was accused of killing a colonist a conflict begun between the two groups. 900 Natives were killed and more taken prisoner. The 1638 Treaty of Hartford dissolved the Pequot Nation. Their chief Sassacus was later killed in New York at the hands of other Natives.

King Philip's War (1675-78)

a war in New England resulting from the escalation of tensions between Native Americans and English settlers; the defeat of the Native Americans led to broadened freedoms for the settlers and their dispossessing the region's Native Americans of most of their land.

Iroquois League

an alliance of the Iroquois Nations, originally formed sometime between 1450 and 1600, that used their combined strength to pressure Europeans to work with them in the fur trade and to wage war across what is today eastern North America.

indentured servants

settlers who signed on for a temporary period of servitude to master in exchange for passage to the New World.

Middle Passage

the hellish and often deadly middle leg of the transatlantic "triangular trade" in which European ships carried manufactured goods to Africa, then transported enslaved Africans to the Americas and the Caribbean, and finally convoyed American agricultural products back to Europe.

death rate

proportion of deaths per 1,000 of the total population; also called mortality rate.

birth rate

proportion of births per 1,000 of the total population.

"women's work"

traditional term referring to routine tasks in the house, garden, and fields performed, by women; eventually expanded in the colonies to include medicine, shopkeeping, upholstering, and the operation of inns and taverns.

staple (cash) crops

profitable market crops, such as cotton, tobacco, or rice, that predominate in a given region.

triangular trade

a network of trade in which exports from one region were sold to a second region; the second sent its exports to a third region that exported its own goods back to the first country or colony.

slave codes

laws passed by each colony and later states governing the treatment of enslaved people that were designed to deter freedom seekers and rebellions and often included severe punishments for infractions.

Stono Rebellion

a 1739 slave uprising in South Carolina that was brutally quashed, leading to executions as well as a severe tightening of the slave codes.

Enlightenment

a revolution in thought begun in Europe in the seventeenth century that emphasized reason and science over authority and myths of traditional religion.

Deists

those who applied Enlightenment thought to religion, emphasizing reason, morality, and natural law rather than scriptural authority or an ever-present god intervening in the daily life of humans.

1st Great Awakening

emotional religious revival movement that swept the thirteen colonies from the 1730s through 1740s.

Jonathan Edwards

a brilliant Congregationalist preacher (MA) of the Great Awakening who spoke of the fiery depths of hell.

race-based slavery

institution that uses racial characteristics and myths to justify enslaving a people by force.

George Whitefield

a young Anglican minister who acted as an evangelist during the Great Awakening and eloquently spoke an egalitarian message as he toured across the colonies. Because he preached to ALL people about independence he was kicked out of the Anglican church and turned Methodist.

Transatlantic Slave Trade

the brutal system of trading African Slaves from Africa to the Americas. Changed the economy, politics, and environment in the Americas. Slaves were used for cash crops and created a whole new economy.

William Penn

a Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution but the colony struggled initially and did not end up living up to his vision.

mercantilism

policy of England and other imperial powers of regulating colonial economies to benefit the mother country.

Navigation Acts

restrictions passed by Parliament to control colonial trade and bolster the mercantile system.

The Glorious Revolution

successful coup, instigated by a group of English aristocrats, that overthrew, King James II and instated William of Orange and Mary, his English wife, to the English throne.

natural rights

an individual's basic rights (life, liberty, and property) that should not be violated by any government or community.

salutary neglect

informal British policy during the first half of the eighteenth century that allowed the American colonies freedom to pursue their economic and political interests in exchange for colonial obedience.