JMU HTH 100 Exam 1 Boucher

Life expectancy has almost doubled over the last 100 years

True

Infectious disease

Leading cause of death in 1990

Leading cause of death has shifted to…

chronic diseases such as heart disease and cancer (malignant neoplasm)

Due to increased death rates from Covid-19, the life expectancy for a newborn in the US has…

dropped

Life expectancy in the US is ahead of many other nations

False

Leading causes of death among Americans aged 15-24

1. Unintentional accidents

2. Homicide

3. Suicide

4. Cancer

5. Heart disease

Physical health

a persons ability to perform activities of daily living

Social health

having a broad social network and successful interaction with others

Intellectual health

ability to think clearly and make responsible decisions

Emotional health

ability to express emotions and maintain a level of self-confidence

Spiritual health

having a sense of meaning and purpose in ones life

Environmental health

appreciation of ones external environment

determinants of health

factors that influence our health - range of personal, social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health status

biology

an individuals genetics, ethnicity, age, and sex

non modifiable determinants

biological determinants that cannot be changes

behaviors

an individuals response to internal and external conditions

modifiable determinants

behaviors - they can be changed

Psychological heath

• cumulative sum of a persons mental, emotional, social, and spiritual wellness

• how we think, feel, relate, and exist in our day to day lives

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

• survival

• security

• social

• esteem

• self-actualization

Psychologically healthy individuals

possess resiliency

Mental health

the thinking part of psychological health; includes how well we process information, our values, and how our mind processes and understands information and life experiences

Emotional health

the feeling, or subjective, side of psychological health. It involves our ability to manage and express the emotions that arise from our past experiences and learned behaviors.

Social health

the aspect of psychological health that includes interactions with other people, ability to use social supports, and ability to adapt to various situations

Family

can refer to family of origin or a supportive network of individuals who share common bonds or beliefs

Social support

a network of people and services with which we share ties and from which we get support

loneliness

• feeling of being alone, regardless of the amount of social connection

• use of technology = one biggest factors

• social isolated: lacking in social connections

Spirituality

• Spiritual health: the aspect of psychological health that relates to having a sense of meaning and purpose to one's life as well as a feeling of connection with other people and with nature

• large component of psychological well-being

Self-efficacy

• a person's belief about whether they can successfully engage in and execute a specific behavior

• Ties into learned helplessness, where people continually give up because of past experiences

Self-esteem

• one's realistic sense of self-respect and self-worth

• Ties into learned helplessness, where people continually give up because of past experiences

Emotional Intelligence

• persons ability to understand, use, and manage emotional states in positive and constructive ways

• composed of: self-awareness, self-regulation/self-management, internal motivation, empathy, social skills

Happiness

• several positive states in which individuals actively embrace the works around them

• 4 big characteristics: health, intimacy, resources, competence

Mental illness

• disorders that disrupt thinking, feeling, moods, and behaviors, which in turn impair daily functioning

• caused by variety of biochemical, genetic, and environmental factors

• nearly 1 in 5 US adults live with a diagnosable mental illness

Stress

the mental and physical response and adaptation by our bodies to real or perceived change and challenges

Stressor

any real or perceived physical, social, or psychological event or stimulus that causes our bodies to react to stress

Eustress

Positive stress which presents for personal growth and satisfaction and can improve one’s health

Distress

Negative stress which occurs when you are tired, under the influence of drugs and alcohol, coping with illness, financial and/or relationship issues

Acute stress

the most common kind of stress. Comes from the demands of the recent past and near future. It does not damage your health

Chronic stress

can linger indefinitely and wreak havoc on body systems

Traumatic stress

occurs when someone lives through a war, natural disaster, violence. This often leads to post-traumatic stress disorder

Homeostasis

state of the body when stress levels are low, all body’s systems function smoothly

Adaptive response

when body responds to the stressor by trying to return to homeostasis

General adaptation syndrome

3 phases

1. Alarm - stressor disrupts the body’s stability and temporarily lowers resistance

2. Resistance - body’s resources are mobilized to combat the stressor and the body maintains a higher level of resistance

3. Exhaustion - body runs out of adaptation energy stored for adjusting to the stressor and the resistance drops below normal

Fight or flight response

the body prepares to combat or escape the real or perceived threat

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

response that prepares you for action triggered by the cerebral cortex

• controls the heart, glandular functions, and breathing

Sympathetic nervous system

energizes the body for fight or flight by signaling release of several stress hormones

Parasympathetic nervous system

functions to slow all the systems stimulated by the stress response

Hypothalamus

• functions as the control center of the sympathetic nervous system and determines the reaction to stress

• stimulates adrenal glands to release epinephrine (adrenaline)

• causes more blood t be pumped, dilates the airways in the lungs, increases breathing rate. causes more glucose to be released

• causes pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which in turn releases cortisol

Resistance phase

• body tries to return to homeostasis

• body does not achieve complete calm or rest - stays activated causing higher metabolic rate in some organ tissues

Exhaustion phase

occurs when the physical and emotional energy used to fights the stressor has been depleted

• allostatic load: exhaustive wear and tear on the body - effect from a prolonged effort to adapt to stress

• immunocompetence: the ability of the body to protect you - can be reduced by continual release of cortisol and other hormones

Climate change

shift in global weather patterns

• fluctuation in seasonal temperatures, rain and snowfall amounts, occurrence of catastrophic storms

• earths temp depends on a balance between energy absorption and the amount of energy radiated

Global warming

type of climate change in which average temperatures increase and cause by the concentration of greenhouse gases

Greenhouse effect

reradiation causes a buildup of heat that raises the temperature of the lower atmosphere

Environmental Impacts of Energy Use and Production

worldwide energy demand is expected to continue to increase over time, even while supplies of easily accessible oil will decline

Extreme Energy Sources

fossil fuels that are relatively difficult to access and extract: deepwater oil rigs, tar sands oil extraction, drilling and hydraulic fracturing for natural gas extraction

Sustainable development

the development that meets society’s present needs without compromising the ability of future generations

Renewable energy

sources are naturally replenished and essentially inexhaustible

• biofuels, wind, solar, and geothermal power

Alternative fuels

• Ethanol: an alcohol made from plant sugars

• Biodiesel: biodiesel fuel can likewise be problematic depending on its material source

Nuclear power plants

Proponents

• efficient way to generate electricity and could help slow global warming

Disadvantages

• disposal of nuclear waste

• potential reactor core meltdown

Air quality index (AQI)

indicates whether air pollution poses a health concern

• carbon monoxide, sulfer dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, particulate matter, ground-level ozone

Smog

a mixture of other pollutants from car exhaust, power plants, and factory emissions

Ozone layer

a fragile, invisible layer about 10-30 miles above the earths surface that shields the planet from the suns hazardous UV rays

• being destroyed primarily by chlorofluorocarbons

Acid deposition

deposition of wet and dry acidic components that fall to the earth in dust or smoke

• acidifies ponds, lakes, and other bodies of water

• aggravates and/or causes bronchitis, asthma, and other respiratory conditions

Causes of water scarcity

• climate change

• human activities (greenhouse emissions)

• lack of sanitation infrastructure

Water pollutants

Pollutants

• coliform bacteria

• volatile organic compounds

• fracking by-products

• PCBs

• dioxins

• pesticides

Point source pollutants

• waterway: pipe, ditch, culvert, conduit

• sewage treatment plants, industrial facilities

• sewage: residual sludge that is often contaminated with heavy metals and chemicals such as lead, cadmium, copper, and tin

Solid waste pollution

• much waste that pollutes water starts by polluting land

• biggest single component of household trash by weight is paper products

• disposing of solid waste:

  • sanitary landfill - disadvantages

  • landfills = biggest source of human-made methane emissions of US

Biodegradable

• certain products that can break down naturally, safely, and quickly into raw materials

• products that are compostable may break down through biotic and abiotic processes

Recycling

uses waste materials as raw materials in the production of new products