HK Exam 1 lec 1- (not conomans model)

attention

taking possession by the mind of one out of what seem several possible trains of thought

stages of information processing

stimulus identification, response selection, movement programming

sustained attention

still wanes after extended periods of information processing, security at airport or driving

parallel processing

info from different aspects of visual display can be processed together without interference

stroop effect

it requires more time to name the colors for the set of stimuli in list b than list a

cocktail party effect

another example of parallel processing, some unattended features of sensory processing are process in parallel with other attended informatino (hearing your name from a different conversation)

inattentional blindness

people engaged in attention demanding tasks are likely to miss obvious things (gorilla video)

looked but failed to see accidents

driver looked in direction of bike but didnt see them

controlled processing

slow, attention demanding with interference cause by competing processing, serially organized, and easily avoided (2 info processing tasks can disrupt 1 or both tasks)

automatic processing

fast, not attention demanding in that processes dont generate interference with other tasks, organized in parallel with other processing tasks and involuntary/unnavoidable (result of practice, effective in closed skills not open and effective for consistent stimulus patterns)

double stimulation paradigm

participant is required to respond with seperate responses to each of two stimuli presented closely together in time, delay in second occurs because of interference in programming 1st and 2nd movements as quickly as possible

psychological referactory period

delay in responding to 2nd of two closely spaced stimuli

grouping

when SOA is less than 40 ms the motor system detects both stimuli as a single event and organizes a single action where the body responds simultaneously

probe task technique

participant performs a primary task, then researcher probes the attention demanded by presenting a secondary task, researches uses RT to probe to measure the attention demanded by the primary task (movements with greater precision requirements are more attention demanding)

internal focus of attention

participant encourage to think about how body is producing movement while action is ongoing (how fingers are shaped when releasing football)

external focus of attention

instructions direct attention to end product of action (target of football)

constrained action hypothesis

conscious, moment to moment movement control = less skilled performance, free flowing automated movement = skilled performance

choking

change in attentional focus due to shift from automatic/external focus to thinking about how to perform the movement (internal focus)

ironic effect

tendency to do something you are trying not to do, influence of negative thoughts on motor control = result of specific internal focus

arousal

level of excitement produced under stess

inverted u principle

relationship between arousal and performance, increased arousal enhances performance but only to a point then decreases

perceptual narrowing

tendency for perceptual field to shrink under stress, entire focus on central vision (tunnel vision)

hypervigilance

normal modes of information processing can cease to operate when in a heightened state of panic

unintended acceleration

driver freezes at wheel, corrective actions are not made

bit

used to measure infromation (binary digit), related to the number of alternatives in the environment, measured by Log2(number of alternatives)

Hick’s Law

relationship for reaction time, RT increases when number of choices increase, when you double number of choices you increase the number of choices by a constant amount

Variable Error

measure of inconsistency, Standard deviation

Welfords model

subtraction method

donders believes stages of information processing are serial, take time, add or delete stage and not effect other stages