𝘢𝘨𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘶𝘭𝘵𝘶𝘳𝘦 𝘶𝘯𝘪𝘵

joey the cow only wanted to frolic in the fields...

this rev. was because of the advances of the Industrial Revolution

2nd ag. rev.

cause of the 2nd ag. rev. and explain

the enclosure acts: laws from British gov. that enabled landowners to purchase land; introduced private property.

polar climate zone

cold, arid (dry), semi arid climates

warm mid-latitude

warm and humid summers and mild winters

tropical

hot & humid, with substantial precipitation

shift cultivation traits

• subsistence

• extensive

• tropical

• rice, corn, etc.

pastoral nomadism traits

subsistence

extensive

drylands

cattle, reindeer, goats, yaks, sheep, horses, camels etc.

plantation farming traits

commercial

intensive

tropical

coffee, rubber, tea, sugarcane, bananas, tobacco, etc. (sold to richer countries)

mixed crop/livestock traits

commercial

intensive

cold/warm mid-latitude

corn, soybeans, grain (to feed animals)

grain farming traits

commercial

extensive

cold mid-latitude

wheat, corn, barley, etc.

market gardening traits

commercial

intensive

warm mid-latitude

fruits and vegetables

dairy farming traits

commercial

intensive

warm and cold mid-latitude

milk

mediterranean agriculture traits

commercial

intensive

warm mid-latitude

figs, olives, grapes, etc.

livestock ranching traits

commercial

extensive

drylands

cows, sheep, goats, bison, alpaca, emus, etc.

clustered settlement

linear settlement

dispersed settlment

metes & bounds

township & range

long lot

long lot explanation

by the French, taxes based on width of land so it became long and thin

what does von thunens model of agriculture use show? (2)

• closest to farthest from Market

• transportation costs were proportional to the distance from the market

assumptions of von thunen model

• a city is an isolated region which all agricultural products are sold at a central market

• markets are in the middle of plains that are flat and featureless and within which all land has similar characteristics

  • farmers are rational economic producers (want to make much money as possible)

dairy and market farming in von thunens model is…

horticulture. perishable

explain all rings of von thunen model

• dairy & market farming are horticulture

  • perishable items; therefore near market

• forests bec. of wood.

  • close to market bec. they’re difficult to transport

• grain & field crops don’t spoil, so they’re further away.

  • lots of landdairy

  • ranching & livestock furthest bec. they could walk there. requires lots of land

• sustainable agriculture

• urban farming

• better access to education and employment

• incrased foreign aid

• increased access to credit

• population control

• female empowerment

solutions for food insecurity

↑ women working outside =

↓ female involvement in food prep

female owned farms tend to…

be more smaller, more diversified, less mechanized. agriculture has gender inequality, less women are in agriculture, which correlates to world hunger

dairy farming

raising animals to produce milk

Mediterranean agriculture

crop cultivation undertaken in areas with Mediterranean climates (warm, dry climate with short periods of rain in winter and spring)

livestock ranching

livestock (usually cattle) is allowed to roam over an established area for food. was evolved in places like the American west

plantation agriculture

in tropical and subtropical climates. for both domestic and export consumption. large, extensive monoculture that are reliant on low-wage labor, intensive. mainly in Third-World Countries.

milkshed

the region around a city to which fresh milk is delivered without spoiling

ultra-high temperature (UHT)

very high temperatures and under pressure. then stored in sterile box makes milk fresh up *to a year*

clustered settlement

rural settlement pattern where homes and farms are located close together, with farmland surrounding them

linear settlements

settlement patterns in which farms are clustered along roads with field behind them

dispersed settlements

rural settlement patter characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages

land survey

performed to locate, describe, and map the boundaries of a plot of land

horticulture

type of agriculture that includes market gardening and dairy farming

bid rent theory

the further you go from the city the cheaper products get

metes & bounds

survey where land is divided into parcels based on features of the landscape, distance, and direction

long lot

taxes based on width of plot of land, so became long and thin.

township + range

land is divided using lines of latitude and longitude, resulting in a grid pattern

commodity chain

process used by corporations to gather resources, transform them into goods, and then transport them to customer

global supply chain

commodity chain that is all over the globe (ex. your chocolate bar’s cacao was from another continent)

economies of scale

better cost by company when it increases its level of output. the bigger the company, the cheaper it is.

embargoes

ban trade or commercial interaction with a particular country

food security

access by all people at all times to enough food to maintain a healthy lifestyle

food desert

community where there is no access to fresh, health, affordable, food options because of the lack of grocery stores or farmer’s markets

double cropping

planting and harvesting on the same parcel of land twice per year

intercropping

when farmers grow 2 or more crops simultaneously on the same field

terrace farming

when humans build a series of steps into the side of the hill, creating flat surfaces for the purpose of agriculture

monoculture

specializing in one crop

irrigation

the process of diverting water from its natural course or location to help grow crops

soil salinization

when water evaporates quickly, leaving salt residue behind

desertification

transition of land of fertile to desert by any human process

fertilizer

anything added to soil that increases productivity use of fossil fuels

primary economy

harvesting or mining raw materials

quotas

detailing exactly how much each farm has to produce each year. in communist states

downer cattle

ill/lame cattle & can’t be used for human consumption; for pet food/animal feed

agribusiness

large scale extensive farms of several thousand acres or several thousand animals are controlled by single business

land-rent curve

if you chart the cost of rent relative to the distance from the town center, you get a graph and find this curve to show that the farther you are away from the center the cheaper the land gets

transhumance

groups moved seasonally to avoid harsh climates and follow animal herds and walk to areas where native plants were in fruit. this is in stage one of demographic transition model, hunter-gatherers

vegetative planting

shoots, stems, roots of wild plants were collected and grown

seed agriculture

fertilized seed grains and fruits if plants were collected and replanted together

extensive subsistence agriculture

low amounts of labor inputs per unit of land. more likely occurs in less-populated regions, where pastoralism is common // ex. Siberia or Sahelian Africa

the enclosure acts

laws from British gov. that enabled landowners to purchase land; introduced private property.

tractors

used to plow, plant, fertilize, and harvest crops. eliminated need for large numbers of farm laborers

dwarf varieties

shorter breeds that were more productive bec. plants spent less time and energy growing a stalk (in rice and wheat)

factory farming

industrialized farm, lots of livestock

BT corn

pest resistant corn. this allows farmers to save energy and money in buying pesticides for corn

rBGH

mimics growth stimulating hormones; cattle grows bigger and more milk

agribusiness

large scale extensive farms of several thousand acres or several thousand animals are controlled by single business

downer cattle

ill/lame cattle & can’t be used for human consumption; for pet food/animal feed

human ecology

describes human interaction with nature in the farming context. there’s a more broader term of *human-environment interaction*

crop rotation

one crop planted then switched to another (same plot)

- ex. corn depleting nitrogen in soil, soy fixing it. this is the corn & soy crop rotation

multicropping

simultaneously 2 or more crops or right after another in same row

- ex. summer harvest while planting winter crop

spring wheat

planted in the spring and harvested in the fall. in northern climates like Minnesota, the Dakotas, Alberta, Saskatchewan

winter wheat

planted in fall, dormant in winter, growing in spring, harvested in start of summer. in southern climates where there’s less ground freeze. in Kansas, Oklahoma, Colorado in US

large-scale grain-producing countries

India, China, and United States

conservation agriculture

providing sustainable farming system without sacrificing crop production

interplanting

planting fast growing crops alongside slow-growing crops

sustainable yield

describes amt of crops or animals that can be ranged without endangering local resources *or* describes what can be raised without too many expensive inputs. both an environmental and economic term, *same with sustainability*

alternative energy crops

like ethanol and biodiesel. more cleaner and sustainable way of energy consumption for transportation

shifting cultivation

burn farming to clear land. only good for short while, after the nutrients are depleted farmers move on to the next plot of land

fallow

natural vegetation and nutrients returning after shift-burning.

desertification

transition of land of fertile to desert by any human process

soil salinization

when water evaporates quickly, leaving salt residue behind

plantation agriculture

in tropical and subtropical climates. for both domestic and export consumption. large, extensive monoculture that are reliant on low-wage labor, intensive. mainly in Third-World Countries.

cold mid-latitude

mild summers & colder winters, moderate rainfall

heirloom varieties

crops that haven’t been hybridized. consumers willing to pay four to five times more for this.

value added agriculture

food is processed on the farm and increases in value bec. more processes are on it. // ex. wine, specialty cheeses, olive oil, fruit and tree syrups, etc.

appellation

local or regional geographic name for the product that gives it value. known for high quality and consumers are willing to pay for it // ex. Parmigiano-Reggiano or champagne

alternative livestock

small farms expanded/switched to other meats so they can produce wool and clothing for more farm earnings.

fair trade

focuses on ensuring small farms and artisans are paid a fair price for their products. questions if a company has good prices and practices for the workers. undergoes certification process.

truck farms

specialty crops during summer growing season that can be sold fresh, canned or frozen.

suitcase farmers

farmers that have a city job but still own land in rural areas. tend to engage in specialty crop farming