CH 18 Vaccines

Can people who recovered from certain disease become immune to reinfection?

Yes, they can become immune to reinfection..

What did Chinese physicians have children inhale? What did that result in?

They had them inhale smallpox scabs around the 1400s.

• Mild Disease, then immunity.

• Variolation spread through Asia, parts of north Africa and Eurasia.

Who was Edward Jenner?

He inoculated people with cowpox trying to prevent smallpox in 1798.

What did Dr Jenner observe?

He observed that milkmaids infected by cowpox did not get smallpox.

Which was safer? Cowpox Inoculation or Variolation?

Cowpox inoculation

What do vaccines do?

• Provokes a primary immune response.

• Suspension of organisms or fractions used to bring in immunity.

What is the most economical public health option?

Disease prevention.

What is the best example of controlling communicable diseases by behavioral and environmental methods?

Sanitation reducing the risk, and getting treated with antibiotics from bacterial infections.

Viral infections can be controlled by what?

Vaccines

What are the 5 types of Vaccines?

1. Live Attenuated Vaccines

2. Inactivated Killed Vaccines

3. Subunit Vaccines

4. DNA vaccines

5. RNA Vaccines

What is Live Attenuated Vaccines?

• Weakened Pathogen

• Closely mimics an actual infection

• Lifelong cellular and humoral immunity

• Possible that attenuated viruses or bacteria might mutate to a more pathogenic form

• Those with a compromised or weakened immune system should not receive live vaccines.

What is Inactivated Killed Vaccines?

• Uses microbes that have been killed

• Requires repeated booster doses

• Induces mostly humoral immunity

• Generally safer than live vaccines.

What is Subunit Vaccines?

• Contains selected microbe fragments.

What is DNA?

• Induces humoral and cellular immunity

• Injected naked DNA causes the cells to produce the protein antigen

• Body recognize proteins as foreign and triggers an immune response.

• Injected via needle or “gene gun” (they will deliver the vaccines into many cell nuclei.)

What is RNA vaccines?

• mRNA sequence is introduced into our cells, code for specific antigen.

• The antigen is displayed on the cell surface and will be detected by immune system. 

• Delivered via nasal spray and skin injection. 

What are the prod of RNA vaccines?

• Faster and cheaper to produce

• Safer for a patient because they do not produce infectious elements

• Laboratory based (lots of quality control)

What is the production of vaccines?

• Avoids the use of eggs

• Plants are possible production system for antigenic proteins.

What is the formula for Vaccines?

1. Adjuvants (Aluminum Salts) → Boosts innate immunity response

2. Preservatives (thimerosal) → Helps prevent contamination

3. Stabilizers (Sugars) → Keeps the vaccine effective after manufactured.

4. Residual Cell Culture Materials (Egg Protein) → To grow enough of the virus or bacteria to make the vaccine

5. Residual Inactivating Ingredients (Formaldehyde) → To kill viruses or inactivate toxins during manufacturing.

6. Residual Antibiotics (Neomysin) → To prevent contamination by bacteria during the vaccine manufacturing.

Do vaccines cause diseases?

Nah.

Are vaccines proven to be perfectly safe or effective?

No vaccines will ever be perfectly safe or effective, however they are the safest, and most effecting in preventing infectious disease.

What is immunoassays?

They are laboratory techniques.

They test for the detection of antibody production in response to antigen.

What are Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays?

Are used to detect and quantify immunological responses.

What is direct ELISAs?

Commonly used to detect the presence of drug in urine.

1. Drug antibodies are attached to a well in microtiter plate

2. Patient’s urine sample is added to the well.

3. If the drugs are in the urine, it will attach to the antibody.

What is indirect ELISAs?

Detects antibodies in a patient’s sample instead of the antigen.

1. Antigen added to the well

2. Then patient’s sample is added to the well

3. If the sample contains antibodies against the antigen, it will bind to the antigen.

What do ELISAs do?

They can detect and measure…

• Antibodies in blood: Hepatitis A, B, C or HIV

• Level of tumor markers: Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)

• Hormone levels: prolactin, testosterone and follicular stimulating hormones.

• Disease Outbreaks: HIV, Lyme Disease, Hepatitis

• Drug Abus: Cocaine, Methamphetamine, Amphetamine

What are some development of New Vaccines?

• Developing vaccines without the use of animals → Use plants as source of vaccines

• Oral Vaccines

• Vaccines for Chronic diseases and preventing & treating drug addiction, cancer, allergies etc. 

• Multiple targets in one dose is desirable

• They are less profitable than medicines.