Biology

Nucleus

Controls cell activity

Nuclear membrane

surrounds and protects the nucleous

Nucleolus

manufactures ribosomes

Chromatin/ chromosomes

Genetic info/DNA

Cytoplasm

Supports and maintains shape of cell

Cell membrane

Regulates movement in and out of the cell

Cell wall

gives structure and protection (PLANT ONLY)

Mitochondira

Converts food into energy (ATP)- Cellular respiration

Ribosomes

Make proteins

Smooth ER

Detoxifies the cell makes lipids and carbs

Rough ER

Has ribosomes; Involved with making proteins

Golgi body

Sorts packages and ships proteins out of the cell

Lysosomes

gets rid of waste in the cell (ANIMAL ONLY)

cilia and flagella

movement of cell (ANIMAL ONLY)

central vacuole

Stores water nutrients and food in PLANT CELLS

Chloroplasts

Site for photosynthesis-Sunlight into food (PLANTS ONLY)

Centriole

Aids in cell division

Prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Facilitated diffusion

Passive transport when molecules cannot diffuse rapidly through the cell membrane without the help of carrier proteins, (glucose)

Exocytosis

Active transport; Moving molecules out of the cell

Endocytosis

Active; Moving molecules into the cell

Sodium potassium pump

Potassium (K+) into the cell sodium (Na+) from the cell using Ion channels.

Passive transport

No energy; Movement of molecules from high to low concentration; moves with the concentration gradient

Active Transport

Requires energy

Movement of molecules from low to high concentration

Moves against concentration gradients

Isotonic

All materials in/out of the cell are at equilibrium

Hypertonic

Movement of water out of the cell

Hypotonic

Movement of water into the cell will swell

Turgor pressure

Amount of pressure the cell membrane puts oin the cell wall

Osmosis

Movement of water molecules from high to low (passive)

Diffusion

Passive transport;

No energy

high to low concentration

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

Farting and perfume.

All cells

Cell membrane

cytoplasm

DNA

ribosomes

Nucleoid

Free- floating DNA

Autotroph/Producer

Organism that makes their own foord

Heterotroph/Consumer

An organism that cannot make its own food.

reactants to photosynthesis

carbon dioxide and water

Products of Phototsynthesis

glucose and oxygen

purpose of light reaction

Creates energy for the dark reaction

Stroma

open space between the thylakoids in a chloroplast- site of dark reaction

Thylakoids

Site of the ETC

Granum

Stacks of thylakoids

ATP

Energy molecule made using ATP synthase and ADP

Nadph

Energy molecule made in ETC

Pigments

molecules that attract light in chloroplasts

Chlorophyll

green pigment found in plants

Electron transport chain

Creates NADPH for the calvin cycle

Oxygen consumers breathe comes from:

Water molecules that split in the ETC

Purpose of Light Independent Reaction (Calvin Cycle)

to create organic molecules/glucose

the reaction that uses Carbon dioxide

Dark reaction/light reaction/Calvin cycle

Requires NADPH, ATP, and no sunlight

Calvin Cycle

Purpose of photosynthesis

make organic molecules/glucose for producers

Photosynthesis chemical reaction

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

reactants of cellular respiration

oxygen and glucose

products of cellular respiration

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

Cellular respiration Chemical reaction

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -\> 6CO2 + 6H2O

purpose of cellular respiration

Convert organic molecules into energy/ATP

Mitochondria

cite of cellular respiration

Glycolysis

1st step of cellular respiration that breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvic acid

Where does glycolysis take place?

cytoplasm

Amount of energy made in glycolysis

nets 2 ATP

aerobic respiration

oxygen is present\--- glycolysis krebs and ETC; 36 ATP

anaerobic respiration

NO oxygen present\---Glycolysis, fermentation

Fermentation

uses pyruvic acid to make NAD+; No ATP made

lactic acid fermentation

makes yogurt+cheese; causes muscle cramps

Alcoholic fermentation

Makes bread beer and wine

Matrix

Site of the krebs cycle

Inner membrane of the mitochondria

Site of ETC

Krebs cycle

Breaks down acetyl CoA to make NADH, FADH2, ATP, And CO2

ETC

Uses NADH & FADH2 to make ATP through chemiosmosis

Total Energy Yield of Cellular Respiration

36 ATP

Proteins monomer

polypeptide

Protein monomer

amino acids

Carbohydrate monomer

monosaccharide

Carbohydrate polymer

polysaccharide

Lipids polymer

none

Nuccleic Acid polymer

none

Lipids monomer

none

nucleic acid monomer

nucleotide

proteins lab test

Biuret (positive test result\=purple

carbohydrate lab test

Iodine- Starch (positive test\=black)

Benedicts-Sugar (positive test\=Orange)

Lipids lab test

Sudan 3 (stains red)

Brown bag ( see through or has stains)

What organic molecule is an enzyme?

protein

function of an enzyme

speed up chemical reactions

Relationship between enzyme and substrate

"lock and Key" The substrate fits into the enzyme perfectly because the enzyme denatures for the substrate

cell theory

idea that all living things are composed of cells,

cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things

new cells are produced from existing cells

Connection between smooth ER and cell membrane

Smooth ER makes lipids which make up the cell membrane

active transport

requires energy