MTSU ANSC 4410 Nutrition Terms Exam

For Dr.Downs' nutritione exam, mtsu, 4410

Abomasum

the fourth stomach compartment of a ruminant. Sometimes called the true or glandular stomach.

Absorption

the passage of nutrients or other substances to the blood, lymph and cells as from the alimentary tract (e.g., digested foods) or from the tissues.

Acidosis

a condition in ruminants where excess acid from the rumen is absorbed into the blood stream causing a lowered blood bicarbonate level. Acidosis in ruminants is caused by excessive ingestion of fermentable carbohydrates (grains) which results in production of large quantities of lactate and volatile fatty acids and reduced rumen PH. Outward signs of acidosis are anorexia, diarrhea, mucous in feces, dehydration, incoordination and, sometimes, death.

ADF (acid detergent fiber)

Fiber extracted with acidic detergent in a technique employed to help appraise the quality of forages.

ADG(avenge daily gain)

The average amount of daily live weight increases as applied to farm animals.

Adipose

consisting of, resembling, or having relation to fat.

Ad Libitum (ad. lib.)

at pleasure. Commonly used to express the availability of feed on a free-choice basis.

Aerobic

organisms or tissues living or functioning in the presence of free oxygen.

Amino Acid

nitrogen-containing compounds which serve as building blocks from which more complex proteins are formed. Contain both an amino (NH2) group and a carboxyl (COOH) group.

Anabolism

constructive metabolism in which simple substances are converted into more complex substances by living cells.

Antivitamin

any substance which inhibits the normal function of a vitamin.

As-Fed

this refers to feed as consumed by the animal. It may range from 0—100% dry matter.

Ash

the mineral matter of a feed. The residue that remains after complete burning of the organic matter.

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

the heat produced by an animal during complete rest following fasting, when using just enough energy to maintain vital cellular activity, respiration and circulation, the measured value of which is called the BMR. Basal conditions include thermoneutral environment, resting, postabsorptive state (digestive processes are quiescent), consciousness, quiescence and sexual repose. BMR is determined in man 14 to 18 hours after eating and when at absolute rest. It is measured by means of a calorimeter and is expressed in calories per square meter of body surface.

Biological Value

a measure of the efficiency with which a feed protein furnishes the proper amount and proportions of the essential amino acids to the animal. A protein which has a high biological value is said to be of good quality

Bloat

a distention of the rumen or paunch or of the large colon by gases by fermentation.

Bolus

regurgitated feed that has been chewed and is ready to be swallowed (also known as the cud); is also a large pill for dosing animals

Bomb Calorimeter

an instrument for measuring the gross energy (heat of combustion) of any material.

Brouse

the small stems, leaves, and/or flowers and fruits of shrubs, trees or woody vines as feed for ruminant animals.

Buffer

a substance in a solution that makes the degree of acidity resistant to change when an acid or base is added

Byproduct

the secondary products produced in addition to the principal product from plant and animal processing and from industrial manufacturing

Calorie

the amount of energy as heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of water from 14.5 to 15.50 Centigrade.

Cannula

a tube for insertion into the body used to connect internal structures with the outside of the animal. Liquids and other materials may be introduced into the body or removed from the body from a cannula.

Catalyst

a substance which accelerates the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being permanently affected by the reaction

Catabolism

the breaking down of complex substances into more simple compounds by living cells. Destructive metabolism

Cholesterol

a fatlike substance found in bile, blood, brain tissue and several of the body glands. Itis important in metabolism and is a precursor of several hormones.

Coenzyme

a substance, usually containing a vitamin, which is required by certain enzymes to produce their reactions.

Colostrum

the milk secreted by mammalian females during the first few days of lactation, which is high in antibodies and laxative

Complete Ration

a nutritionally adequate feed mixture for animals other than man; by specific formula is compounded to be fed as the sole ration and is capable of maintaining life and/or promoting production without any additional substance being consumed except water.

Concentrate

a broad classification of feedstuffs which are high in energy and low in crude fiber. Also, a concentrated source of one or more nutrients used to enhance the nutritional adequacy of a supplement mix.

Creep

a feeder or an enclosure used for supplemental feeding of nursing young, which excludes their dams

Crumbles

pelleted feed reduced to granular form.

Diet

feed ingredients or mixture of ingredients including water, which is consumed by animals.

Diluent

an edible substance used to mix with and reduce the concentration of nutrients and/or additives to make them more acceptable to animals, safer to use, and more capable of being mixed uniformly in a feed. It may also be a carrier

Drylot

a relatively small area in which animals are confined indefinitely as opposed to being allowed to have free access to pasture

Dry Matter

the moisture-free content of feeds

Dry Period

the period of time between lactations (when a female is not secreting milk).

Edema

swelling of a part or all of the body due to the accumulation of excess water.

Emulsify

to disperse a suspension of fine particles or globules of one liquid into another liquid.

Endocrine

pertaining to the endocrine glands or their secretions that pass directly into the blood or lymph instead of into a duct (internal secretions).

Endogenous

originating from within the animal body.

Enteritis

an inflammation of the intestines.

Enzyme

any of the various complex organic substances originating from living cells and capable of producing by catalytic action certain chemical changes, as digestion in organic substances.

Essential Amino Acid

an amino acid that is needed for animal metabolism but cannot be synthesized by the animal in the amount needed and thus, must be present in the diet of that animal

Essential Fatty Acid

a fatty acid that cannot be synthesized in the body, Or that cannot be made in sufficient quantities for the body's needs

Excreta

the products of excretion—primarily feces and urine.

Exogenous

originating from outside of the organism.

Extruded

a process by which feed has been pressed, pushed, or protruded through orifices (die) under pressure.

Feed (Feedstuff)

any material of natural or artificial origin, fed to animals for the purpose of sustaining them.

Feed Additive

nonnutritive products that improve the rate and/or efficiency of gain of animals, prevent certain diseases, or preserve feed

Feed Efficiency (Feed conversion)

the ratio expressing the number of units of feed required for one unit of production (meat, milk, eggs) by an animal

Feed Grade

feed materials suitable for animals, but not for human consumption.

Feed Grain

any of several seeds from cereal plants commonly used for livestock or poultry feed

Feedlot

an area of land on which animals are fed or finished for market.

Fermentation

enzymatic decomposition by various microorganisms especially of carbohydrates as used in the production of alcohol, bread, vinegar and other food or industrial materials.

Fill

a term designating the fullness of the digestive tract of an animal. With market animals, the fill refers to the amount of feed and water consumed upon their arrival at the market and prior to selling.

Fines

any material which will pass through a screen whose openings are immediately smaller than the specified minimum crumble size or pellet diameter.

Fistula

a narrow passage or duct from some part of the body to another part or to the exterior— sometimes surgically inserted.

Flush

the practice of feeding females more generously approximately two weeks before breeding.

Forage

vegetative plants in a fresh, dried, or ensiled state which are fed to livestock (pasture, hay, silage or green chop).

Gastric

pertaining to the stomach.

Gastrointestinal

pertaining to the stomach and intestine.

Glucogenesis

the formation of glucose by the breakdown of glycogen.

Gluconeogenesis

the formation of glucose and glycogen from nonglucose matter.

Glycogenesis

the formation or synthesis of glycogen.

Glycogenolysis

the splitting up of glycogen in the body tissue to glucose.

Glycolysis

the decomposition of sugars and metabolism to lactic acid in animals or pyruvic acid in enzymatic reactions.

Gossypol

a phenolic, yellow pigment found in cottonseed, which is toxic to swine and certain other nonruminents and which cause discoloration of egg yolks during cold storage.

Green Chop (Soilage)

forages harvested (cut and chopped) in the field and hauled to livestock for consumption.

Haylage

low moisture forage stored as silage (40—60% moisture). Legume and grass crops are cut and wilted in the field to a lower moisture level than normal for silage, but the crop is not sufficiently dry for baling. It is commonly stored in a silo.

Hydrogenation

to combine or treat any unsaturated compound with hydrogen

Hydrolysis

a process in which complex molecules are split to simpler units by chemical reaction with water, usually by catalysts.

Ingest

to put or take food into the body through the mouth.

Ingesta

food and drink taken into the stomach.

Inorganic

pertaining to compounds not containing carbon.

International Chick Unit (ICU)

the vitamin D requirements of poultry are generally expressed as ICU, based on using the chick as the assay animal because of the unequal activities of vitamin and vitamin D, for this species.

International Unit (IU)

a standard unit of potency of a biologic agent (e.g., a vitamin, hormone, antibiotic, antitoxin) as defined by the International Conference for Unification of Formulae. Potency is based on bioassay that produces a particular effect agreed on internationally. Also called a USP unit.

In Vitro

"in a glass" Occurring in an artificial environment, as in a test tube.

In Vivo

occurring in the living body.

Keratin

a sulphur containing protein which is the principle constituent of epidermis, hair, nails, horny tissues and the organic matrix of the enamel of the teeth.

Ketosis (Acetonemia)

a condition characterized by an elevated concentration of ketone bodies in body tissues and fluids. It is more common among high producing dairy cows in a negative energy balance.

Legume

a plant member of the leguminosae family (alfalfa, clovers and similar crops), with the character of forming nitrogen-fixing nodules on its roots, in this way making possible the use of atmospheric nitrogen.

Lignin

a complex strengthening material in the thickened cell walls of plants. It is practically indigestible.

Limiting Amino Acid

the essential amino acid of a protein which shows the greatest percentage deficit in comparison with an animal's amino acid requirements.

Lipolysis

the decomposition or splitting up of fat to yield glycerol and fatty acids.

Mash

a mixture of feed ingredients in meal form. Also called mash feed.

Metabolic Body Size (Metabolic Weight)

the weight of an animal raised to the three-quarter power (Wt.^0.75)

Microbe (microorganism)

a minute living organism, usually microscopic, such as bacteria and protozoa.

Microflora

the overall microbial life present in a given region, such as the bacteria and protozoa population of the rumen.

Microingredient

any ration component, such as vitamins, minerals, antibiotics, drugs and other materials, normally required in small amounts and measured in milligrams, micrograms or parts per million.

Mycotoxin

a fungus or bacterial toxin produced by molds during growth. Sometimes present in feed materials.

National Research Council (NRC)

a division of the National Academy of Sciences established in 1916 to promote the effective utilization of scientific and technical resources. Periodically, this private, nonprofit organization of scientists publishes bulletins giving nutrient requirements and allowances of domestic animals, copies of which are available on a charge basis through the National Academy of Sciences, National Research Council, 2101 Constitution Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C., 20418.

NDF

neutral detergent fiber. A chemical analysis which separates forage material into cell contents and cell wall components.

Necrosis

death of a cell or a group of cells which is in contact with living tissue.

Nonessential Amino Acid

any of the several amino acids that are required for the nutrition of the animal but which can be synthesized in adequate quantities by the animal from other amino acids.

Nonprotein Nitrogen (NPN)

nitrogen originating from other than an amino acid source but may be used by bacteria in the rumen to synthesize protein. NPN sources include compounds like urea and anhydrous ammonia, which are used in feed formulation for ruminants.

Nutrient Allowances

a term referring to the nutrient recommendations for animals that allow for the many variations in determining that animal's nutritive needs. These variations may include losses during storage and processing, age and size of the animal, degree of activity, stress, management, health and the kind, quality, and amount of feed consumed.

Nutrient Requirements

values which refer to satisfying the animal's minimum nutrient needs, without margins of safety, for maintenance, growth, reproduction, lactation, and work. TO meet these nutritive requirements, the animals must receive sufficient feed to furnish the necessary quantity of energy, protein, minerals, and vitamins.

Nutrients

any feed constituent or group of feed constituents that aid in the support of life.

Nutrition

the science encompassing a series of processes which food or feed is taken in and absorbed into the body of an organism which serves for purposes of growth, work, maintenance and repair of the vital process.