Central nervous system

what is the central nervos system composed of

brain and spinal cord

white matter

nerve fibers

mylenated

gray matter

nerve cells ( neurons )

unmyleinated

spinal cord

mylenated white fibers on the outside and unmylenated grey matter in core

brain

cerebellum has grey matter in cortex

cerebrum

has nuclei and additional gray matter in Cortez outer region

what are the brain regions 

cerebral hemispheres 

diencephalon

brain stem

cerebellum

what are the ventricles of the brain

holes in the brain containg CSF

pair lateral ventricles

located in cerebral hemispheres

third ventricles

found in diencephalon

fourth ventricles

found dorsal to pons

what is the largest part of the brain

the cerebral hemispheres

what do the cerebral hemispheres contain

ridges (gyri) and shallow grooves (sucli)

fissures

deep groves

what are fissures separated by

longitudinal fissue

what divides the cerebral hemispheres into lobes

deep sucli

what are the five lobes of the cerebral hemispheres

frontal parietal temporal occipital anf insula

what separates the frontal and parietal lobes

central sulcus

lateral sulcus

separates frontal and parietal from temporal

what us the cerebral cortex composed of

gray matter 

what does the cerebral cortex contain

neuron cell bodies

dendrites 

glial cells

blood vessels 

no fiber tracts 

what is the function of the cerebral cortex

sensation

communication

memory

understanding

voluntary movements 

what does each hemisphere control

the opposite side of the body

are the hemispheres equal in function

no

can a functional area act alone

no

what does conscious behavior require

the whole cortex

left brain

analytic thoughts , logic, language, STEM 

right brain

holistic thought, intuition, creativity, art and music 

what are the functional areas of the cerebral cortex

motor, sensory, association

motor areas of the cerebral cortex

control voluntary movement

sensory areas of the cerebral cortex

conscious awareness of sensation

association areas of the cerebral cortex

integrate diverse info

brodmanns numbering

mapped the structurally distinct cortical masses and gave them numbers 

primary (somatic) motor cortex

conscious control of precise voluntary movement

what happens with the primary motor cortex is damaged (stroke)

paralyzes muscles controlled by that area

what does the premotor cortex control

learned repetitious motor skills

what does the premotor cortex coordinate

several muscle groups via interaction with primary motor cortex

what is the brocas area

motor speech

directs muscles of tongue 

allows speech

brocas area damage

no talk

what does frontal eye fluid control

voluntary movement of eyes

what are the sensory areas of the cerebral cortex

primary somatosensory , somatosensory, primary visual, visual, primary auditory , auditory, wrenches

primary somatosensory Cortez

receive info from skin and skeletal muscles and determines location of stimuli 

primary somatosensory Cortez damage

cant discriminate between 2 stimuli / strength of stimuli

somatosensory association cortex

determines size texture and relationship of parts

somatosensory association cortex damage

have to look at an item to know what it is

primary visual cortex

recieves visual info from retinas

primary visual cortex damage

functional blindness

visual association areas

interprets visual stimuli

visual association areas damage

 see but not interpret

primary auditory cortex

receives info like pitch, rhythm, and loudness

primary auditory cortex damage

functional hearing loss

auditory association area

stores memories of sounds and permits perception

auditory association area damage

inability to interpret sound

wernickes area

sounding out words that are unfamiliar , understanding written and spoken 

association areas of the cerbral cortex

anterior posterior limbic

what doe the association areas of the cerbral cortex do

gives meaning to info received and stores it in memory and tiesit to prev ious experiences to decide what to do

anterior association areas

intellect learning recall personality

anterior association areas damage

mental and personality disorders

posterior association areas

recognizing patterns and faces. awareness of body and surrounding

posterior association areas damage

inability to recognize your own body

limbic association areas 

emotions associated with memories 

what does cerebral white matter consist of

deep myleinated fibers and their tracts = fiber tracts

what is cerebral white matter responsible for

communication between cerebral cortex and other parts of CNS

what is in the diencephalon

hypothalamus , thalamus , epithalamus

what does that thalamus do

“traffic cop”

converges sensory info sorts sensory info out and sends them to their location in cortex to be interpreted 

what does hypothalamus regulate

regulates body temp, food intake, water balence, blood balence, blood pressure, heart rate, sleep cycle 

what does the hypothalamus control

controls secretion of hormones by anterior pituitary 

where is the hypothalamus

the heart of the limbic system

epithalamus

calcifies with age which decreases melatonin

contains the pineal gland and choroid plexus

pineal gland

secretes melatonin , sleep wake cycle

choroid plexus

secretes cerebral spinal fluid

cerebral spinal fluid

fluid that bathes CNS and carries nutrients

what does the brain stem

the bridge between brain and spinal cord

what are the three regions of the brain stem

midbrain ,pons ,medulla oblongata

midbrain

contains fiber tracts , corpora quadrisemina

cerebral aqueduct

corpora quadrisemnia

vision and hearing relay centers

what does the cerebral aqueduct connect

3rd and 4th ventricles 

Pons

bulging brain stem region between midbrain and medulla oblonget 

what do Pons fibers connect?

higher brain centers and spinal cord

what do pons fibers relay

impulses between motor cortexes and cerebellum

what do pons fibers maintain

breathing rate

what is the most inferior part of the brain stem

medulla oblongata

where are signals from the hypothalamus sent

medulla oblongata so their action is taken out

what do the autonomic centers do in the medulla oblongoata

regulate blood pressure

heart rate

respiratory rhythm

coughing

where is the cerebellum

under occipital lobes of the cerebrum

what does the cerebellum contain

arbor vitae

arbor vitae

tree like pattern of cerebellar white matter

what is the cerebellum responsible for 

maintaining posture , center of balence and coordination of movement 

some areas - learning problem solving

what is the emotional brain

the limbic system

limbic system

network of neurons in different areas of the brain working together

what does the limbic system encircle

upper brain stem 

how is the sense of smell tied to emotion

via limbic

what are the major parts of the limbic system

cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, amygdala nucleus

electroencephalogram (EEG)

electrodes placed all over head

records electrical activity that accompanies brain function

wha are the four types of brain waves 

alpha

beta

theta

delta

alpha waves

awake and relaxed

beta waves

awake and alert

theta waves

seen in children

delta waves 

during sleep and under anesthesia 

what can delta waves indicate in awake adults

brain damage