CHAPTER 4 Biological molecules 1

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37 Terms

1

What are the three main categories of biological molecules in living organisms?

Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.

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2

What elements are carbohydrates primarily composed of?

Carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.

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3

What is a molecule formed by a single glucose unit called?

a monosacharide

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4

What is a molecule formed by 2 glucose units called?

a disaccharide)

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5

What is a molecule formed by lots of glucose called

a polysaccharide

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6

What are most fats (lipids) made made up of

triglycerides

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7

What are the basic units that make-up fats/ triglycerides?

1 glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid chains.

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8

in what two categories are lipids divided into

  • oils (liquid at room temperature)

  • fats (solid at room temperature)

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9

What are proteins formed by

long chains of amino acids

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10

What do all amino acids have in common except for one thing

  • common: structure

  • different: R (variable) group

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11

Is it true that when amino acids are joined, protein is formed

yes

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12

How many different amino acids are there?

About 20 different amino acids.

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13

What color change indicates a positive test for glucose using Benedict's solution?

A color change from blue to orange or brick red.

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14

What solution do you use to find out if something contains glucose

Benedict's solution.

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15

What are the steps to conduct an experiment for glucose

  1. dissolve benedict’s solution in water.

  2. Heat mixture in a 60°-70° water bath for about 5 minutes.

  3. Take test tube out of water

  4. a positive test result would show the change from blue to orange or brick red

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16

What color indicates a positive test for proteins using Biuret solution?

A color change from blue to violet/purple.

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17

What solution do we use to find out if something contains proteins

Biuret solution.

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18

What are the steps to conduct an experiment for proteins

  1. Add Biuret solution to the sample.

  2. If test is positive the color will change to violet/purple.

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19

What indicates a positive test for lipids when mixed with ethanol and cold water?

Formation of a cloudy emulsion.

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20

What solution do we use to test for lipids

ethanol

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21

What are the steps to conduct an experiment for lipids

  1. Mix the sample with 2cm³ of ethanol, then add water and shake.

  2. If positive, a cloudy emulsion will form.

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22

What solution do we use to find out if something contains starch

Iodine solution.

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23

What is the result of adding iodine to a food sample containing starch?

A color change to blue-black.

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24

What are the steps to conduct an experiment for starch

  1. Add iodine solution to the sample.

  2. positive test would show change to blue-black.

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25

What solution do we use to test for Vitamin C

DCPIP solution

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26

What indicates a positive test for vitamin C with DCPIP?

The blue color of the dye disappearing.

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27

What are the steps to conduct an experiment for Vitamin C

  1. Add 1cm³ DCPIP solution to the test tube + small amount of food

  2. If positive, blue colour of the dye will disappear.

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28

What is the structure that contains the instructions for growth and development in organisms?

DNA

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29

What instruction does DNA have

growth and development of the organisms

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30

What does an organism consist of

2 strands of DNA in a double helix formation

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31

What is a nucleotide composed of?

  • A backbone: phosphate, a deoxyribose sugar,

  • A base: (A, T, C, or G).

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32

Which bases pair together in a DNA strand?

  • Adenine pairs with Thymine (A-T)

  • Cytosine pairs with Guanine (C-G).

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33

What forms the 'backbone' of a DNA strand?

The phosphate and sugar sections of the nucleotides.

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34

What is a gene?

A sequence of bases in DNA

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35

What is the importance of the sequence of bases in DNA?

It holds the code for the formation of proteins.

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36

What is COOC referred to

Carboxylic Acid

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37

What is NH² referred to

Amino

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