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What are the three main categories of biological molecules in living organisms?
Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.
What elements are carbohydrates primarily composed of?
Carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.
What is a molecule formed by a single glucose unit called?
a monosacharide
What is a molecule formed by 2 glucose units called?
a disaccharide)
What is a molecule formed by lots of glucose called
a polysaccharide
What are most fats (lipids) made made up of
triglycerides
What are the basic units that make-up fats/ triglycerides?
1 glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid chains.
in what two categories are lipids divided into
oils (liquid at room temperature)
fats (solid at room temperature)
What are proteins formed by
long chains of amino acids
What do all amino acids have in common except for one thing
common: structure
different: R (variable) group
Is it true that when amino acids are joined, protein is formed
yes
How many different amino acids are there?
About 20 different amino acids.
What color change indicates a positive test for glucose using Benedict's solution?
A color change from blue to orange or brick red.
What solution do you use to find out if something contains glucose
Benedict's solution.
What are the steps to conduct an experiment for glucose
dissolve benedict’s solution in water.
Heat mixture in a 60°-70° water bath for about 5 minutes.
Take test tube out of water
a positive test result would show the change from blue to orange or brick red
What color indicates a positive test for proteins using Biuret solution?
A color change from blue to violet/purple.
What solution do we use to find out if something contains proteins
Biuret solution.
What are the steps to conduct an experiment for proteins
Add Biuret solution to the sample.
If test is positive the color will change to violet/purple.
What indicates a positive test for lipids when mixed with ethanol and cold water?
Formation of a cloudy emulsion.
What solution do we use to test for lipids
ethanol
What are the steps to conduct an experiment for lipids
Mix the sample with 2cm³ of ethanol, then add water and shake.
If positive, a cloudy emulsion will form.
What solution do we use to find out if something contains starch
Iodine solution.
What is the result of adding iodine to a food sample containing starch?
A color change to blue-black.
What are the steps to conduct an experiment for starch
Add iodine solution to the sample.
positive test would show change to blue-black.
What solution do we use to test for Vitamin C
DCPIP solution
What indicates a positive test for vitamin C with DCPIP?
The blue color of the dye disappearing.
What are the steps to conduct an experiment for Vitamin C
Add 1cm³ DCPIP solution to the test tube + small amount of food
If positive, blue colour of the dye will disappear.
What is the structure that contains the instructions for growth and development in organisms?
DNA
What instruction does DNA have
growth and development of the organisms
What does an organism consist of
2 strands of DNA in a double helix formation
What is a nucleotide composed of?
A backbone: phosphate, a deoxyribose sugar,
A base: (A, T, C, or G).
Which bases pair together in a DNA strand?
Adenine pairs with Thymine (A-T)
Cytosine pairs with Guanine (C-G).
What forms the 'backbone' of a DNA strand?
The phosphate and sugar sections of the nucleotides.
What is a gene?
A sequence of bases in DNA
What is the importance of the sequence of bases in DNA?
It holds the code for the formation of proteins.
What is COOC referred to
Carboxylic Acid
What is NH² referred to
Amino
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