Metaphysics

Indian philosopher Vasubandhu

________ (4th century CE) had similar views to Berkeley.

Aquinas

________ says that there is 1 uncaused cause, and that it is God.

Freud

________ argued that people believe because they have an infantile need to be watched over by a father- like figure.

Saint Augustine

________: in City of God tells readers the present world (flesh) is temporary, but the spiritual world is real.

Kant

________ argued that our morality forces us to believe in the possibility of a just world where evil in punished and good is rewarded, and this is only possible with a God or an afterlife.

Augustine

________ argued that God only produces what is good, and because evil is only an absence of good, God does not produce it.

Hick

________ argues that evil is necessary because a paradies without pain, suffering, or evil, ethics would be meaningless and people would not be virtuous.

Democritus ideas

________ were eventually put aside in favour of more personal, and non- material, explanations of the universe.

Agnosticism

________: the position of not knowing whether or not God exists, many believing that it is wrong to believe one way or the other.

Dualism

________: material and non- material can not interact because displace energy in the world, which should remain constant.

Metaphysical Philosophers

________- Immanuel Kant (a "bottomless abyss "and a "dark ocean without a shore), "William James ("nothing but an unusually obstinate way to think clearly)

Aristotle

________ (384- 322 BC) published a book "Metaphysics "meaning after the physics.

Atoms

________ have subatomic particles (proton, electron, and neutron) which have been broken down further into quarks, or bundles of energy.

Consciousness

________ is subjective-"first person.

Idealism

________ was the dominant philosophy of the 19th and 20th centuries.

Pantheism

________: the belief that everything is God and God is everything, that God and the universe are interconnected.

Reality

________ consists of more than matter.

Materialism

________ is deterministic.

spiritual realm

If the ________ is not real, then it is something that can make no difference in our lives.

Democritus

________ (460- 360 BCE) believed reality could be explained in terms of matter.

God

________ is that than which nothing greater can be conceived (nothing greater can be)

Utilitarianism

________: the happiness or unhappiness /effect of an action determines its morality.

Anselm

The Ontological Argument: an argument for the existence of God deduced from the nature of Gods being made by ________.

Atheists

________ claim that there is no God, many basing their belief on science and the scientific method, as well as empiricism and utilitarianism.

Hume

________ responds to Aquinas that if each individual motion or cause is explained by a previous one, the chain does not need any more explanation.

Panentheism

________: the belief that everything is IN God but God is much more, and is greater (coined by Krause)

Humans

________ are part of the two realms of reality.

Berkeley

________ claimed the conscious mind and its ideas and perceptions are the only reality.

Plato

________: formalized early version of idealism.

Heisenberg

________ believed subatomic particles didnt have a determinate location and momentum until they interacted with an observer.

Contemporary Canadian philosopher

________ John Leslie (1940) says all things in the universe are thoughts in the mind of God.

Religious worship

________ and priests are pointless as God, souls rewards of heaven /hell do not exist.

Aristotle

Plato, Socrates and ________ saw moral virtue as the road to good and happiness.

Materialism

________ can account for the stability of things.

Idealists

________ emphasize mental and spiritual is a creative force (or active agent) of all things.

Humans

________ are in the middle of the hierarchy of reality.

Aquinas

________ also believed that even if the universe had existed forever, the existence of this infinite chain would still need to be explained and God is the only explanation.

Atheism

________: denies the claims of all varieties of theism.

Reality

________ contains within itself every possible kind of being from the lowest kind of inert matter to the highest kind of spirit.

Consciousness

________: awareness of things we do when both awake and sleeping.

Materialism

________ denies any supernatural belief (spirit, soul, mind, or any non- material substance) reality is made of matter.

Idealism

________: belief reality is composed of minds and their ideas rather than matter.

Materialism

________ is reductionistic.

the study of first causes

the which that does not change

the study of being

the fundamental categories of being

Metaphysical Philosophers

Immanuel Kant (a "bottomless abyss" and a "dark ocean without a shore"), William James ("nothing but an unusually obstinate way to think clearly")

Eventually the term came to be associated with subjects that transcend physics

including the supernatural and the mysterious

You try to convince him that theres nothing there, but he insists

"Theyre real; Ive seen them."

Eastern Materialism

Charvaka philosophers of India (600 BCE

Only one valid source of knowledge of the world

sense perception

Democritus (460

360 BCE) believed reality could be explained in terms of matter

Julien Of-froy de la Mettrie****

In 1778 postulated humans are nothing more than complex machines in his book Man a Machine

Pierre Laplace****

Opposed Newtons idea of a mechanical universe regulated by God, Universe is self-regulating

Consciousness

awareness of things we do when both awake and sleeping

Consciousness is subjective

"first person"

Werner Heisenberg

"Principle of Indeterminacy" or Heisenberg Principle

Idealism

belief reality is composed of minds and their ideas rather than matter

Plato

formalized early version of idealism

Saint Augustine

in City of God tells readers the present world (flesh) is temporary, but the spiritual world is real

Two kinds of ideas in my mind

→ Short lived, changeable and within my control (i.e

They must be the work of a supreme mind

God

Independent of my mind and perceptions Advantage

accounts for regulation of our experiences; allows the world to be viewed as an intelligible system because it is the product of the mind

Question

If all perceptions are in our mind, why do things happen in specific positions in space and specific points in time

Dualism

material and non-material cannot interact because displace energy in the world, which should remain constant

The Ontological Argument

an argument for the existence of God deduced from the nature of Gods being made by Anselm

The Cosmological Argument

the existence of an "uncaused cause" and "immovable movers" made by Thomas Aquinas based in Aristotles ideas

An aspect of the cosmological argument is infinite regress

an infinite series of movers and causes with a first member but no last member/ a beginning but no end

The Design Argument

states that order and purpose in the world demand a God

Pantheism

the belief that everything is God and God is everything, that God and the universe are interconnected

Panentheism

the belief that everything is IN God but God is much more, and is greater (coined by Krause)

Atheism

denies the claims of all varieties of theism

Utilitarianism

the happiness or unhappiness/effect of an action determines its morality

Agnosticism

the position of not knowing whether or not God exists, many believing that it is wrong to believe one way or the other