Chapter 28 APUSH American Pageant

Reformist Issues

Populists and Greenback Labor party against industrialist powers

Laissez faire was not a good policy anymore

Which writers stepped up?

Bryan and Altgeld (Populists) branded the trusts for wrong doing

Lloyd cursed Standard Oil and Veblen cursed predatory wealth without talent

Biggest early movements

Jacob Riis showed cruelty of the slums, Dreiser battered profiteers

European socialists began gaining strength, social gospel urged for reform, Women worked for rights

Muckrakers

Numerous magazines dug deep for industrial dirt, annoyed TR

Boomed in circulation, Steffens articles showed gov and industrial aliance and Tarbell exposed Standard Oil

What did muckrakers target?

Hated on malpractice of these companies and trusts, Lawson exposed his own associates

Phillips exposed the corrupt senators and was killed, many continued to target social evils like child labor

New Role of Drugs

Drugs criticized for being addictive, muckraking attacks by Dr Wiley

Muckrakers signified progressive reform and righting social wrongs

Who were the Progressives?

Aggressive TR, pacificist Jane Addams (americanizing immigrants), modernized US institutions and stop monopolies

Broadly dispersed majority mood

Objective of Progressives

Favored Initiative to propose legislation directly and referendum to place laws for final approval at the people

Recall to remove faithless officials, hoped to rule out bribery w/ Australian Ballot (secret vote)

What occurred with Senate Elections?

Direct election was favorite after muckrakers and “Millionaire’s Club”

Senate members eventually had to give up the 17th Amendment for direct election of US senators

Women Suffrage

Women reformers aimed for this, cried for equal suffrage for men and women

California, Washington, and Oregon eventually extended the vote but it was still not universal.

Where did progressives score most of their wins

Cities with appointed commissions to manage urban affairs, nonpolitical city managers too

Slumlords attacked and cities organized with German infrastructure

Progressives in States

Wisconsin fought with monopolies (La Follette), routed railroads and schemed for regulating utilities

California had Johnson, returned railroad control to people and Hughes in NY investigated coal trusts

Why did women believe they deserve rights?

Settlement houses exposed poverty and corruption and gave skills to women for confidence

Literary clubs formed but eventually talked about politics, women believed new activities were an extension of their mother role

What did women accomplish?

Targetted maternal issues like child labor, organized National Consumer League, Women Trade League, and Women/Child Bureau

Kelley advocated for safeguard laws, Muller V Ortegon had Brandeis accepting laws protecting women from harm in factories

What else happened with Women’s rights?

Lochner v New York declined 10 hr day for bakers, Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire tragedy (women incinerated)

Immense strikes occurred and employers gained more responsibility

Prohibition in Progressive Era

Saloons connected with prostitution, gambling, and more supported by city bosses

Anti liquor campaigns by Christian Temperance Union (Willard) and Anti Saloon League, many laws passed to outlaw saloons and eventually 18th amendment (prohibition)

Square Deal

TR’s reform plan calling for controlling industry, consumer protection, and conservation

Strike in coal mines where miners demanded better conditions, mine owners refused (Baer depicted employer arrogance)

Aftermath of the Strike

TR used his big stick and threatened the owners with military, the employers yielded

The Department of Commerce and Labor created and Bureau of Corporations (regulating interstate commerce)

How did Roosevelt view the trusts?

Created the Elkins Act to fine railroads who gave unfair rebates and the Hepburn Act which extended the Interstate Commerce Commission power

Roosevelt believed there were god and bad trusts, did not want to crush all trusts individually

Roosevelt Trustbusting

Attacked Northern Securities Company (railroad by JP Morgan), upheld by Supreme Court

TR did not want to punish success but uphold gov power, never went with maximum force (avoided biggest companies)

State of Food in America

Europe prevented American meat importations due to tainted food, Sinclair depicted dirty slaughterhouses

Roosevelt passed Meat Inspection Act (food needs fed inspection) and Pure Food & Drug Act (no mislabeling)

State of American Nature

Americans polluted many lands, ranchers continued to spoil the resources

Desert Land Act: desert land sold cheap if irrigated, Forest Reserve Act (Public forest = national park), Carey Act: Distributes federal land to be irrigated

How did others contribute to the issue?

TR took Pinchot’s leadership, passed Newlands Act to collect money from West to fund irrigation projects

London’s novel depicted nature, Boy Scouts created and many gathered money for Audubon Society (birds)

TR’s Conservation

Preserved shrinking forests (caused by lumbeermen), federal reserves for forests, coal deposits, irrigation sources

Conservation was the most enduring achievement

Hetch Hetchy Controversy

Dam built in Yosemite, deep division (Sierra members like Muir disapproved, Pinchot wanted gov interests)

Westerners resisted new gov control but eventually used Forest Service and Bureau of Reclamation, ranch companies efficient w/ new bureaus

Theodore Roosevelt Inauguration

Elected in 1904 with celebration but conservative Repubs believed he was dangerous for regulating commerce

Panic of 1907 descended, TR blamed due to his gov involvement (accused companies), backed currency needed so Aldrich-Vineland Act passed

The Campaign of 1908

Roosevelt gave it up to Taft (sec of war) in convention, against Bryan who claimed TR stole his policies

Taft won a majority, Debs (socialist) diverted stength

TR’s legacy

Left to Africa but increased rep for taming capitalism and using laws to combat trusts

Protected capitalists against socialism, enforced conservation, and dissolved racism a bit

Strong Contributions of TR

Charged buffalo soldiers in Brownsville Texas (outraged black community, pardoned in 192)

Enlarged power of presidents, shaped liberal reform, showed Americans their global power

Taft’s inauguration

Everyone loved his progress in Philippines, couldn’t fulfill TR’s charismatic shoes (quiet)

Mild progressive but conservative (had no reform-minded people in his cabinet)

Dollar Diplomacy

Taft settled foreign policy using investments and loans to keep other powers out and increase influence

Manchuria under threat by Japan and Russia, Knox tried bribing the parties but was eventually ridiculed

How else did Taft utilize Dollar Diplomacy?

The Caribbean to keep out foreign powers, Wall street pumped in money

Disorder in Cuba, Honduras, and DR caused military to restore order (Nicaraguan revolution caused marine intervention)

How did Taft trustbust?

Took more down than TR, SC ordered dissolution of Standard Oil for violating Anti Trust Act and combination in trade

Antitrust suit against Steel Corporation, angered TR

How was Taft disappointing?

Many called for lower tariffs, senators added upward revisions and Taft signed the Payne-Aldrich bill (many fans angered)

Established conservation projects but when Ballinger opened public lands in Wyoming and Alaska and was criticized by Pinchot, Taft took Ballinger’s side

The Effect of the Ballinger-Pinchot Affair

Reform wing fought with the Old Guard, division in Republican party, TR’s “New Nationalism” advocated for national gov increasing power

Weakened Republican party and significant losses in 1910 elections (socialist win)

The National Progressive Republican League

Formed by La Follette, TR took over and advocated in many states against Taft’s policies

TR short of delegates and Taft won nomination, TR decided to have a third party uprising

Democrat Nominee

Dr Woodrow Wilson was chosen as a progressive, risen from Princeton Uni

Had an impressive reform in NJ assailing trusts, NJ became a big liberal state

The Campaign of 1912

Aided by Bryan, Wilson had the New Freedom program while TR started the Progressive Republican party (supported by Addams)

Question was over which progressive campaign would win

Which Progressive was better?

TR supported Croly’s plans of consolidating trusts, growing agencies and social welfare

Wilson’s New Freedom favored small enterprise and less regulation on unmonopolized markets (enforcing antitrust laws)

Aftermath of the Election

Wilson won with TR trailing behind, Debs continued to divert attention

Taft taught law and became chief justice of the Supreme Court