Cardiovascular system (heart)

Pericardial Sac

Double layered, closed sac surrounding the heart

Fibrous pericardium

Structure: Fibrous connective tissue \n Function: Prevents overflowing and anchors heart in mediastinum

Serous pericardium

Structure: Simple Squamos epithelial tissue \n Function: \n a) Parietal Pericardium- lines internal surface of fibrous pericardium \n b) Covers the surface of the heart

1. epicardium 2. myocardium 3. endocardium

what are the Layers of the Heart Wall (superficial to deep)

Epicardium

Smooth, other surface of heart in heart wall

Myocardium

thick middle muscular layer (of heart wall)

Endocardium

The inner surface of heart chambers: composed of endothelial cells

Atria

Receiving Chamber

Auricle, Fossa Ovalis

Two Features of Atria

Auricle

Structure on superior surface of atria that slightly increases atrial filling- "wing"

Fossa Ovalis

Depression in adult interatrial septum

Atrial Septum Defect

Foramen Ovalis doesn't form fossa ovalis

pectinate, more, deoxygenated, three veins: superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus

The Right Atrium is composed of _______ __*muscle and therefore can hold _______*__ pressure. It receives _____ blood from __________.

Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava, Coronary Sinus

The veins that supplies blood to Right Atrium

Deoxygenated blood, pulmonary veins

Left Atrium receives \________ blood from four \__________

Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava, Coronary Sinus

what are the veins that supplies blood to the right atrium

Ventricles

Distributing Chamber

Right Atrium, pulmonary trunk

Right Ventricle receives blood from the \_________________ and sends to \______________.

Left Atrium, aorta, tissues/organs

Left ventricle receives blood from the _______ and sends blood to ____. It also sends (oxygenated ) blood to ___

Atrioventricular valve (A-V Valve

allows blood to flow from atria to ventricles and prevents

what are the A-V Valves

tricuspid and bicupsid

Tricuspid

The AV valve between right atrium and right ventricle

Bicuspid

(aka Mitral Valve): AV valve between Left atrium and left ventricle

Mitral Valve Prolapse

Females age 18-27: blood doesn't go from atrium to ventricles

Lub- AV valve closing

Dub- SL valve closing

what are the sounds of the Heart

Pulmonary Circuit & Systemic Circuit

What Are the Two Routes of Blood Flow

Pulmonary circuit

takes blood to lungs to pick up oxygen and drop off CO2

deoxygenated blood (From tissue) --\> superior/inferior vena cava--\> right atrium --\> tricuspid valve --\> right ventricle --\>pulmonary SL valve --\> pulmonary trunk \---\> pulmonary arteries --\> lungs

Route of Pulmonary Circuit

Systemic Circuit

what is on the left side of the heart

Systemic Circuit

Brings oxygenated blood from lungs to be distributed to tissues

pulmonary circuit

what is on the right side of the heart

closed, heart

Blood Vessels of Cardiovascular System is a ______circulatory system that begins/ends at the ______

Tunica intima

innermost wall of blood vessel. Composed of endothelium and a basement membrane

Tunica media

1. Middle layer of blood vessels.
2. Composed of smooth muscle and innervated by autonomic NS.
3. Sympathetic control causes vasoconstriction

Tunica Adventitia

Outermost layer of heart walls. Composed of collagen; anchors blood vessels to their surroundings.

Elastic Arteries and Muscular Arteries

what are the type of arteries

Elastic Arteries

shape: largest diameter, thick walled

Composition: elastin; allows to expand for more blood and recoil to propel

EX: Aorta, pulmonary trunk, subclavian artery

Muscular Arteries

Branch from elastic arteries


1. thickets tunica media
2. capable of moving blood through extremities heart ca't reach.

Arterioles

Branch from muscular arteries vosoconstrict for inactive cells. Vasodilate for active cells (get bigger)

Capillaires

Smallest of all blood vessels connects arterial system to venous system

Venules

smallest veins by form by convergence of capillaries

Veins

nickname: blood reservoir(veins capableof holding 65% of total body volume

artery has too much pressure and a very thick tunica media and veins are more superficial

Why do we take blood from a vein?

Five Ways that blood maintains homeostasis

1. Transports substances from one part of body to the other.
2. Regulates pH
3. Maintains body temperature
4. Protection (lymphatic system)
5. Clot formation

Albumin, Globulin, Fibrinogen

what are the plasma p=roteins

Albumin

most abundant plasma protein. Regulates movement of water between tissue pores and blood vessels via osmosis. Causes swelling (edema)

Globulin

Plasma protein that acts as a transport molecule and act as antibodies in response to antigens

Fibrinogen

Plasma protein that...Contributes to formation of blood clots

hemopoiesis

Formed Elements are produced through....

red bone marrow

Where are formed elements produced?

proerythroblast

Blood Cell Precursor for erythrocytes

myloblast

Blood Cell Precursor for basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils

lymphoblast

Blood Cell Precursor for lymphocytes

monoblast

Blood Cell Precursor for monocytes

megakaryocytes

Blood Cell Precursor for platelets (thrombocytes)

Erythrocytes

Function: transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Structure: biconcave (increases surface area and flexibility), no nucleus, hemoglobin,

1 billion oxygen molecules per RBC

250000 hemoglobin \= \_____ oxygen

erythropoeitin in kidney

what hormone is Erythropoeisis regulated by and where is it made

No hemoglobin, but they have cell organelles

What do WBC have inside?

White blood cells

Protect against microorganisms, toxins, and tumor cells.

Chemotaxis

WBC using chemical cues from a microorganism to track it (toxins or nutrients) and move towards or away from it

Amoeboid movement

moves towards a microorganism

Diapedesis

WBC leaving blood vessel to make contact with microorganism

Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

Five types of WBC (in order of common-ness)

Neutrophil

Most common WBC

Endothelium

A specialized epithelium that makes up inner layer of BV walls

1. endothelium (vascular spazm)
2. Von Willebrand factor (platelet adhesion
3. PG I2 (platelet aggregation)
4. Prothrombin activator (coagulation)
5. TPA for fibrinolysis

What do Endothelial Cells secrete:

Prothrombin makes Thrombin which acts on fibrogen to make fibrin.

The Making of Fibrin

Plasminogen-\>TPA -\> Plasmin

Breakdown of fibrin (fibrinolysis)

Conductile Cells, Contractile Cells

Cardiac Muscle Physiology

Conductile Cells

Muscle cells of cardiac physiology that conduct impulses

Cardiac Intrinsic Conduction Center

Sino-atrial Node, Atrioventricular Node, bundle of HIS

Purkinje Fibers

Attach to bundles at apex and wind superiorly through ventricle walls. Apart of the Cardiac Intrinsic Conduction system

AV Node (for cardiac Intrinsic conduction system)

Cells that receive a signal from the SA node delay it for .1 seconds to allow atria to fully contract.

Bundle of HIS

Runs through the interventricular septum. propogates signal to apex. Apart of the Cardiac Intrinsic conduction system

Purkinje Fibers

Attach to bundles at apex and wind superiorly through ventricle walls. Apart of the Cardiac Intrinsic Conduction system

EKG (electrocardiogram)

\n \*Electrodes on body to measure AP's of heart \n Display electrical events not mechanical events

Depolarization

electrical event that leads to systole (contraction) (HOWEVER. it is not equal to systole)

Repolarization

electrical event that leads to diastole (relaxation)

Systole

Mechanical event of contraction

Diastole

Mechanical event of relaxation

Parts of EKG & purpose

1. P-wave: Atrial depolarization
.1 second later= atrial systole
2. QRS complex: Ventricular depolarization
(atrial repolarization would be here, but QRS complex hides it)
.1 second later= ventricular systole
3. T-wave: Ventricular repolarization
.25 seconds later= ventricular diastole

Bradycardia

slow HR

Arrythmia

Sino-atrial nodal block (missing p-wave on EKG) missing p wave= missing atrial depolarization

rapid HR > 100 bpm

Tachycardia

AV nodal block

Blockage of Action Potentials through bundle of HIS, on graph= increase in line btwn p-wave and QRS complex 3 degrees

Ventricular Fibrillation

\*rapid uncoordinated ventricular contractions (as opposed to normal "lub dub" (atrial contract, ventricles contract)

Stenotic valve problem (heart murmur)

valve fails to open completely

Prolapse valve problem (heart murmur)

Valve fails to close completely

blood pressure

measures systolic/diastolic pressure (mmHg)

Systolic Pressure

Peek pressure exerted by blood on BV wall during ventricular contraction (~120 mmHg)

Diastolic Pressure

Lowest arterial BP resulting during ventricular relaxation (~80mmHg)

renin and antidiuretic hormone

what are the hormones for Chemical Regulation of blood pressure

Prothrombin makes Thrombin which acts on fibrogen to make fibrin.

what is the making of fibrin

lymphocytes

T cells and B cells

ST segment

ventricular systole and ejection of blood; corresponds to plateau of cardiomyocyte action potential

PQ segment

signal conduction from SA node to AV node; atrial systole begins

QRS interval

atrial repolarization and diastole; repolarization concealed by QRS wave

QT interval

duration of ventricular depolarization, shorter during exercise

PR interval

signal conduction through AV node, before activating ventricles