Urban Dynamics 1

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33 Terms

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DIfference between SPACE and PLACE

Space: Geographical entities with contrasting properties, organized differently, and with emotion attached.

Place: Specific place that has been shaped by people shapes people’s lives

  • Thin: Spaces less charged with meaning, less connection

  • Thick: Space deeply connected to culture, history, identity. Lots of meaning for people.

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Spatiality

Key characterists for social process / natural and socio'-technic systems

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3 Planning Perspectives

1 - Why Urban Planning

  • solving issues such as negative externalities, market irregulation, social injustice and inequality, developing strategic outcomes (goals)

2 -

  • Mediation of space: brining people together

  • Making of place: Vision development and implementation

3 -

  • Theory of Planning: procedural (government to governance, how plans are made)

  • Theory in planning: substantial (think of utopias, what to achieve)

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“The State is Different Things” (jones, 2020) Two type of lenses:

  • Institutional Relations

  • Social Environment

Institutional Relations: representative regime, internal structures of the state, intervention patterns

Social Environment: Social basis of the state and its power (classes), state strategies and projects, hegemonic projects (how the state does things and talks about them)

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Economic Base Analysis (couch)

Economic Base Analysis is a technique used to understand what drives the economy of a region (e.g., city, county, state).

  • Basic (Export) Sector

    • Produces goods or services sold outside the region.

    • Brings new money into the local economy.

    • Examples:

      • A car factory exporting vehicles worldwide.

      • A resort attracting tourists from out of state.

  • Non-Basic (Local) Sector

    • Provides goods or services consumed within the region.

    • Circulates money already present in the local economy.

    • Examples:

      • Local grocery stores.

      • Hair salons.

Economic base analysis is mainly used to:

  • Identify economic drivers sustaining the community.

  • Estimate employment impacts of changes in the basic sector.

  • Guide development policy, e.g., targeting industries for growth.

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Creative Destruction

Creative destruction describes the process by which new innovations destroy old industries, economic structures, or ways of doing business, paving the way for economic progress.

It’s the idea that progress inevitably involves disruption.

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Types of Welfare States

Liberal: low deccomodification, strict, elite dominance, leads to polarization

Conservative: medium deccomodification, based on social contributions, seperate stratified systems, leads to unemployment

Social Democratic: high decommodification, universal, labour movements, leads to expansion of public services.

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State Rule to a degree Bureaucratic?

  • Scale

  • Rationalisation (Weber)

  • Impartiality and Standardisation

  • (capacity)

  • Scale

States govern large complex societies, with millions of people, requires coordinated systems that are organised, predictable and repeatable.

  • Rationalisation (Weber)

Bureaucracy allows rational-legal authority, clear hierarchy and defined procedures. Not governance based on traditional or charismatic authority.

  • Impartiality and Standardisation

Bureaucracy makes governance more:

  • Impersonal (treating citizens equally under the law).

  • Transparent (following set procedures).

  • Stable (not dependent on individual rulers’ moods).

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Collective Action Problem (Free Rider Problem)

When individuals have an incentive to benefit from a good without contributing to its cost, assuming others will pay. (connected to public goods)

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Authoritarian Politics

Response to crises within capitalist/social unrest, using strong control mechanism such as repression, surveillance, nationalist rhetoric.

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Shift To Metagovernance

The need for formal public organisations to exert some control over decentralised decision making organisations (manipulations

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Demographics Looks at change over time in three ways:

Age Group

Time Period

Birth Cohort

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Malthusian Perspective

  • Relation Between Population Growth and Resources?

  • Malthusian Checks?

    • Positive (Natural) Checks

    • Preventive Checks

  • Critiques

  1. Relation Between Population Growth and Resources?

Population grows exponentially while resources (like food) grow linearly, leading to crash/catastrophe.

  1. Malthusian Checks?

When resources run short the population is checked

Positive (Natural) Checks: famine, disease, war

Preventive Checks: moral restraints and limited family size

  1. Critiques

Technological Progress: such as agricultural revolution

Demographic Transition: as societies industrialise, fertility rates drop and the population stabilises without famine.

Inequality and Distribution: modern famines are a result of politics and access rather than scarcity,

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Couch Divides History Into Four:

Industrial Revolution

  • Rapid urbanization, public health measures

Interwar Period

  • Urban expansion and suburbanisation, ribbon development, weak planning laws failling to manage expansion

Post War Redevelopment

  • Green Belts, New Cities, managing expansion and congestion

Post Modern Development

  • Shift to service economies, gentrification, mixed use and sustainable planning

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Three Circuits of Production (Harvey)

Primary Circuit of Production

  • Capital accumulation through industrial production

  • Absolute Surplus: More profits by worker exploitation

  • Relative Surplus: More efficient production

  • Over Accumulation: Value of products decreases

Secondary Circuit of Production

  • Fixed Capital: Investments in buildings, machines, infrastructure, stabilises the economy

  • Consumption Fund: Investments by the worker himself to provide for themselves

Tertiary Circuit of Production

  • Investments into sectors (technology, science…) helping maintain worker quality

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Two Types of Class Struggle (Harvey)

  • Between Capital and Labour

  • Within Capitalist Class

Between Capital and Labour

  • displaced class struggle, takes place in several aspects and places,

Within Capitalist Class

  • Competition, population is forgotten in this struggle, cause more damage to one another and hurting the lower classes

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Temporary and Geographical ebb and flow of Investment in the Built Environment (Harvey)

  • Temporal Fluctuations

  • Geographical Shifts

Capital moves in time (temporal) and space (geographical). This causes peaks and troughs in urban development. Economics is a cycle

  • Temporal Fluctuations: periods of high investments followed by stagnation

  • Geographical Shifts: capital is moved to new areas that are more profitable, while other fall into decline (such as gentrification)

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Mechanisms by Which Inequality is Reproduced

  • Inheritance and transfer of capital

  • Education as a filter

  • Social networks

  • Consumption and lifestyle

Social classes do not disappear, but change in form and dynamics. Differentiated social strata.

Inheritance and transfer of capital: persisting inequalities

Education as a filter: hinders social mobility

Social networks: Better access to better networks

Consumption and lifestyle: Differentiating social classes by consumption patterns and lifestyles.

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Lecture 8 - The Environment

Planetary Boundaries (Rockstrom)

Safe operational space for humanity, conditions for our lives.

System Level Boundaries

  • Ecosystems (the earth, river basins)

  • Administrative Systems (EU, NL, Amsterdam)

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All 9 Planetary Boundaries

  • Climate Change (Carbon emissions and fossil fuels)

  • Biodiversity Loss

  • Disruption of the Bio-Chemical Cycles of Nitrogen

  • Land System Change (Large scale deforestation)

  • Freshwater Cycle (groundwater depletion)

  • Ocean Acidification

  • Depletion of the Ozone Layer

  • Atmospheric Aerosol Local (soot)

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Externalities as Environmental Problems (3 types)

Activity generates income but also external costs

Social: from one person to another

Spatial: from one area to another

Temporary: from one generation to another

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Externalities Cause Conflict (3 types)

“conflicting interests and an unequal distribution of benefits and costs” (Holden)

Social: between groups

Spatial: between places

Temporary: between generations

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Lecture 9 - Intermezzo: Amsterdam in the 20th Century

Morphogenesis (origin of form) of Amsterdam consists of two periods:

Early Industrial City (later 19th century)

  • Population growth

  • Urban formation: poor infrastructure, congestion/accumulation

  • Pollution and working class dangers

Late Industrial City (20th century)

  • More regulation

  • Urban expansion before ww2

  • After ww2: modernism and functionalism

  • Urban renwal

  • social housing

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Plan by Van Niftrik (1866), Early Expansion Plan for Amsterdam

  • Large, star shaped urban design, inspired by paris

  • Avenues around the city

  • Many green areas and space for spacious feeling

  • network of new residential areas outside current city limits

  • Not Executed: too ambitious, expensive, city not ready for such expansion

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Plan by Kalff (1875), More Practical Variant of Earlier Expansion Plans

  • Also called speculation development / revolution construction by how fast it was built

  • Remediation / Restructuring of the existing city

  • Infrastructure improvement

  • Step by step expansion, unlike rigid plan from Van Niftrik

  • More in line with the economic / social reality of Amsterdam

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Late Industrial City (1901 Housing Act) Inspired by Plan South:

  • Integrated plan for a major new urban expansion

  • In the service of public housing, monumental and no nationalistic purpose

  • Amsterdam School Architecture

  • Imposed by municipal service

  • Important role of implementation for housing corporations, but development was largely private construction

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Seminar 5 - Doughnut Economics, an international process, seeks balance between

  • Social Base (Inner Ring)

    • Everyone Should Have Enough to Live

  • Ecological Ceiling (Outer Ring)

    • The Earth Has Boundaries, That We Must Not Exceed

Goal: to stay within the doughnut, however economics shows we are already stepping outside those boundaries and how to change that.

Translating scientific boundaries into an economic model that combines sustainability and well being,

How the modern city affects the individual (3 types)?

Strengthening Mental Distance and Rationality

  • constantly adapting to fast paced complex environments

  • Feelings and traditions are less important

Increase in Individualism

  • Modern city gets autonomy

  • Promotes personal freedom and alienetion

The Role of Money and the Economy

  • Interactions and more often determined by money and economic exchange

  • Human relationships are less person and more instrumental

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Effect on the rise of the welfare state

helped absorb negative consequences of modern city (Gesellschaft) (social inequality). Government facilities (housing) gave city dwellers basic security in the increasing individual society.

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“right to the city” movement (philosophical and political)

A philosophical idea about people’s collective rights to shape the city they live in, beyond just using urban spaces as consumers,

And a political movement advocating for social justice in urban development.

Core Principles:

  • Cities should belong to all inhabitants, not just to corporations, developers, or the wealthy.

  • Urban space should be shaped by participation, inclusion, and equality.

  • Everyone should have the right to access, use, and shape urban resources, services, and spaces.

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Lecture 10 - Urban Environmental Justice

2 Types of Environmental Justice

Brown Environmental Justice

  • Addressing disproportionate exposure to risk and pollution

  • Improving health and living conditions

Green Environmental Justice

  • Broadening up to environmental goods such as green city

  • rooted in “right to the city” movement

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Lecture 11 - Urban Climate Mitigation and Adaptation

Mitigation: reduction / prevention

Adaptation: Adapting

Obduracy (Frames, Embeddeness, Traditions)

3 Plans:

Minimising Energy Consumption (step by step plan)

  • Refuse and Rethink

  • Reduce and Rethink

  • Reuse

  • Repair

  • Recycle

  • Recover

Use Sustainable Resources

  • Renewable Energies

Efficient Use of Fossil Fuels

  • LOCK-IN: the sunk cost that arise when fossil fuels are not used. still use fossil fuels to avoid sunk costs

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(Bourdieu) Types of Cultural Capital

  • Embodied

  • Objectified

  • Institutional

How do they relate to Social Class Reproduction? (The ways in which social and economic advantages are passed down from parents to children, maintaining class structure over time).

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Holocene Stability vs Anthropocene Impact

  • The Holocene provided a stable “safe operating space” for humanity.

  • The Anthropocene is characterized by our species overwhelming Earth’s systems, creating uncertainty about the planet’s future stability.