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DIfference between SPACE and PLACE
Space: Geographical entities with contrasting properties, organized differently, and with emotion attached.
Place: Specific place that has been shaped by people shapes people’s lives
Thin: Spaces less charged with meaning, less connection
Thick: Space deeply connected to culture, history, identity. Lots of meaning for people.
Spatiality
Key characterists for social process / natural and socio'-technic systems
3 Planning Perspectives
1 - Why Urban Planning
solving issues such as negative externalities, market irregulation, social injustice and inequality, developing strategic outcomes (goals)
2 -
Mediation of space: brining people together
Making of place: Vision development and implementation
3 -
Theory of Planning: procedural (government to governance, how plans are made)
Theory in planning: substantial (think of utopias, what to achieve)
“The State is Different Things” (jones, 2020) Two type of lenses:
Institutional Relations
Social Environment
Institutional Relations: representative regime, internal structures of the state, intervention patterns
Social Environment: Social basis of the state and its power (classes), state strategies and projects, hegemonic projects (how the state does things and talks about them)
Economic Base Analysis (couch)
Economic Base Analysis is a technique used to understand what drives the economy of a region (e.g., city, county, state).
Basic (Export) Sector
Produces goods or services sold outside the region.
Brings new money into the local economy.
Examples:
A car factory exporting vehicles worldwide.
A resort attracting tourists from out of state.
Non-Basic (Local) Sector
Provides goods or services consumed within the region.
Circulates money already present in the local economy.
Examples:
Local grocery stores.
Hair salons.
Economic base analysis is mainly used to:
Identify economic drivers sustaining the community.
Estimate employment impacts of changes in the basic sector.
Guide development policy, e.g., targeting industries for growth.
Creative Destruction
Creative destruction describes the process by which new innovations destroy old industries, economic structures, or ways of doing business, paving the way for economic progress.
It’s the idea that progress inevitably involves disruption.
Types of Welfare States
Liberal: low deccomodification, strict, elite dominance, leads to polarization
Conservative: medium deccomodification, based on social contributions, seperate stratified systems, leads to unemployment
Social Democratic: high decommodification, universal, labour movements, leads to expansion of public services.
State Rule to a degree Bureaucratic?
Scale
Rationalisation (Weber)
Impartiality and Standardisation
(capacity)
Scale
States govern large complex societies, with millions of people, requires coordinated systems that are organised, predictable and repeatable.
Rationalisation (Weber)
Bureaucracy allows rational-legal authority, clear hierarchy and defined procedures. Not governance based on traditional or charismatic authority.
Impartiality and Standardisation
Bureaucracy makes governance more:
Impersonal (treating citizens equally under the law).
Transparent (following set procedures).
Stable (not dependent on individual rulers’ moods).
Collective Action Problem (Free Rider Problem)
When individuals have an incentive to benefit from a good without contributing to its cost, assuming others will pay. (connected to public goods)
Authoritarian Politics
Response to crises within capitalist/social unrest, using strong control mechanism such as repression, surveillance, nationalist rhetoric.
Shift To Metagovernance
The need for formal public organisations to exert some control over decentralised decision making organisations (manipulations
Demographics Looks at change over time in three ways:
Age Group
Time Period
Birth Cohort
Malthusian Perspective
Relation Between Population Growth and Resources?
Malthusian Checks?
Positive (Natural) Checks
Preventive Checks
Critiques
Relation Between Population Growth and Resources?
Population grows exponentially while resources (like food) grow linearly, leading to crash/catastrophe.
Malthusian Checks?
When resources run short the population is checked
Positive (Natural) Checks: famine, disease, war
Preventive Checks: moral restraints and limited family size
Critiques
Technological Progress: such as agricultural revolution
Demographic Transition: as societies industrialise, fertility rates drop and the population stabilises without famine.
Inequality and Distribution: modern famines are a result of politics and access rather than scarcity,
Couch Divides History Into Four:
Industrial Revolution
Rapid urbanization, public health measures
Interwar Period
Urban expansion and suburbanisation, ribbon development, weak planning laws failling to manage expansion
Post War Redevelopment
Green Belts, New Cities, managing expansion and congestion
Post Modern Development
Shift to service economies, gentrification, mixed use and sustainable planning
Three Circuits of Production (Harvey)
Primary Circuit of Production
Capital accumulation through industrial production
Absolute Surplus: More profits by worker exploitation
Relative Surplus: More efficient production
Over Accumulation: Value of products decreases
Secondary Circuit of Production
Fixed Capital: Investments in buildings, machines, infrastructure, stabilises the economy
Consumption Fund: Investments by the worker himself to provide for themselves
Tertiary Circuit of Production
Investments into sectors (technology, science…) helping maintain worker quality
Two Types of Class Struggle (Harvey)
Between Capital and Labour
Within Capitalist Class
Between Capital and Labour
displaced class struggle, takes place in several aspects and places,
Within Capitalist Class
Competition, population is forgotten in this struggle, cause more damage to one another and hurting the lower classes
Temporary and Geographical ebb and flow of Investment in the Built Environment (Harvey)
Temporal Fluctuations
Geographical Shifts
Capital moves in time (temporal) and space (geographical). This causes peaks and troughs in urban development. Economics is a cycle
Temporal Fluctuations: periods of high investments followed by stagnation
Geographical Shifts: capital is moved to new areas that are more profitable, while other fall into decline (such as gentrification)
Mechanisms by Which Inequality is Reproduced
Inheritance and transfer of capital
Education as a filter
Social networks
Consumption and lifestyle
Social classes do not disappear, but change in form and dynamics. Differentiated social strata.
Inheritance and transfer of capital: persisting inequalities
Education as a filter: hinders social mobility
Social networks: Better access to better networks
Consumption and lifestyle: Differentiating social classes by consumption patterns and lifestyles.
Lecture 8 - The Environment
Planetary Boundaries (Rockstrom)
Safe operational space for humanity, conditions for our lives.
System Level Boundaries
Ecosystems (the earth, river basins)
Administrative Systems (EU, NL, Amsterdam)
All 9 Planetary Boundaries
Climate Change (Carbon emissions and fossil fuels)
Biodiversity Loss
Disruption of the Bio-Chemical Cycles of Nitrogen
Land System Change (Large scale deforestation)
Freshwater Cycle (groundwater depletion)
Ocean Acidification
Depletion of the Ozone Layer
Atmospheric Aerosol Local (soot)
Externalities as Environmental Problems (3 types)
Activity generates income but also external costs
Social: from one person to another
Spatial: from one area to another
Temporary: from one generation to another
Externalities Cause Conflict (3 types)
“conflicting interests and an unequal distribution of benefits and costs” (Holden)
Social: between groups
Spatial: between places
Temporary: between generations
Lecture 9 - Intermezzo: Amsterdam in the 20th Century
Morphogenesis (origin of form) of Amsterdam consists of two periods:
Early Industrial City (later 19th century)
Population growth
Urban formation: poor infrastructure, congestion/accumulation
Pollution and working class dangers
Late Industrial City (20th century)
More regulation
Urban expansion before ww2
After ww2: modernism and functionalism
Urban renwal
social housing
Plan by Van Niftrik (1866), Early Expansion Plan for Amsterdam
Large, star shaped urban design, inspired by paris
Avenues around the city
Many green areas and space for spacious feeling
network of new residential areas outside current city limits
Not Executed: too ambitious, expensive, city not ready for such expansion
Plan by Kalff (1875), More Practical Variant of Earlier Expansion Plans
Also called speculation development / revolution construction by how fast it was built
Remediation / Restructuring of the existing city
Infrastructure improvement
Step by step expansion, unlike rigid plan from Van Niftrik
More in line with the economic / social reality of Amsterdam
Late Industrial City (1901 Housing Act) Inspired by Plan South:
Integrated plan for a major new urban expansion
In the service of public housing, monumental and no nationalistic purpose
Amsterdam School Architecture
Imposed by municipal service
Important role of implementation for housing corporations, but development was largely private construction
Seminar 5 - Doughnut Economics, an international process, seeks balance between
Social Base (Inner Ring)
Everyone Should Have Enough to Live
Ecological Ceiling (Outer Ring)
The Earth Has Boundaries, That We Must Not Exceed
Goal: to stay within the doughnut, however economics shows we are already stepping outside those boundaries and how to change that.
Translating scientific boundaries into an economic model that combines sustainability and well being,
How the modern city affects the individual (3 types)?
Strengthening Mental Distance and Rationality
constantly adapting to fast paced complex environments
Feelings and traditions are less important
Increase in Individualism
Modern city gets autonomy
Promotes personal freedom and alienetion
The Role of Money and the Economy
Interactions and more often determined by money and economic exchange
Human relationships are less person and more instrumental
Effect on the rise of the welfare state
helped absorb negative consequences of modern city (Gesellschaft) (social inequality). Government facilities (housing) gave city dwellers basic security in the increasing individual society.
“right to the city” movement (philosophical and political)
A philosophical idea about people’s collective rights to shape the city they live in, beyond just using urban spaces as consumers,
And a political movement advocating for social justice in urban development.
Core Principles:
Cities should belong to all inhabitants, not just to corporations, developers, or the wealthy.
Urban space should be shaped by participation, inclusion, and equality.
Everyone should have the right to access, use, and shape urban resources, services, and spaces.
Lecture 10 - Urban Environmental Justice
2 Types of Environmental Justice
Brown Environmental Justice
Addressing disproportionate exposure to risk and pollution
Improving health and living conditions
Green Environmental Justice
Broadening up to environmental goods such as green city
rooted in “right to the city” movement
Lecture 11 - Urban Climate Mitigation and Adaptation
Mitigation: reduction / prevention
Adaptation: Adapting
Obduracy (Frames, Embeddeness, Traditions)
3 Plans:
Minimising Energy Consumption (step by step plan)
Refuse and Rethink
Reduce and Rethink
Reuse
Repair
Recycle
Recover
Use Sustainable Resources
Renewable Energies
Efficient Use of Fossil Fuels
LOCK-IN: the sunk cost that arise when fossil fuels are not used. still use fossil fuels to avoid sunk costs
(Bourdieu) Types of Cultural Capital
Embodied
Objectified
Institutional
How do they relate to Social Class Reproduction? (The ways in which social and economic advantages are passed down from parents to children, maintaining class structure over time).
Holocene Stability vs Anthropocene Impact
The Holocene provided a stable “safe operating space” for humanity.
The Anthropocene is characterized by our species overwhelming Earth’s systems, creating uncertainty about the planet’s future stability.