West Coast University Dr. Kolb Midterm

Structures that cannot be seen without magnification

cytology- Study of cells (Lysosomes, ribosomes, Golgi, etc

Histology- Study of tissues (Epithelial, connective,muscle, Nervous)

Surface Anatomy

superficial markings

Regional Anatomy

Specific area of body (Head neck or trunk) whether they are superficial or deep

systemic anatomy

organ systems (Digestive system,cardiovascular system, etc)

Levels of organization

chemical/molecular, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Cell

smallest unit of life (Organelles)

Tissue

Cells and surrounding material such as: Epithelial. muscular,neural and connective tissue

Organ

a combination of tissues. For example: the heart consists of all tissues (Epithelial, muscular, neural, and connective tissue

organ system

composed of several organs working together

For Example: the stomach,small intestine,large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas make up the digestive system.

The heart and blood vessels make up the cardiovascular system,

Humans are composed of 11 organ systems.

anatomical position

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

Supine: lying down (face up) in the anatomical position

prone:lying down(face down) in the anatomical position

Anatomical areas (regions)

Abdominopelvic regions

nine specific anatomic areas of the abdominopelvic cavity

Directional regions

Planes and sectional regions

•Sagittal cut: separating left and right

•Midsagittal: separating left and right equally

•Parasagittal: separating left and right unequally

•Transverse cut: separating superior and inferior

•Frontal cut: separating anterior and posterior

•Oblique cut: separating the tissue at an angle

body cavity regions

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

right upper RUQ (most of liver & gallbladder), left upper LUQ (Stomach and spleen), right lower RLQ (cecum, appendix,right ureter, right ovary,right spermatic cord), left lower LLQ (intestines, left ureter, left ovary, left spermatic cord)

body cavities

Posterior cavity

Cranial cavity:consist of brain

spinal cavity: spinal cord

Anterior cavity

Thoracic cavity

abdominal cavity

pelvic cavity

parietal membrane

lining of body cavity (e.g. parietal pleural membrane lines the pleural cavity )

visceral membrane

The membrane farthest from the wall of the body (nearest the organs)

thoracic cavity contains

Pleural cavity: Lungs

Pericardial cavity: heart

mediastinal cavity: space between apex of lungs

Abdominopelvic cavity consist of

Peritoneal cavity:Stomach,intestines, spleen, liver etc.

pelvic cavity: urinary bladder

nonmembranous organelles

cytoskeleton, microvilli, cilia, flagella, ribosomes

membranous organelles

mitochondria, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes

function of plasma membrane

Controls what enters and leaves the cell

Phagocytosis

"Cell eating"; an endocytic pathway by which a cell engulfs particles such as microbes or cellular debris.

Bacteria, viruses, foreign matter, and cell debris can be engulfed (ie., phagocytized)

microvilli

Fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane of apical epithelial cells, increase surface area, aid in absorbtion, exist on every moist epithelia, but most dense in small intestine and kidney

Cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement "skeleton" of the cell or "building frame"

Ribosomes

(T) Free ribosomes: Float in the cytoplasm

(S) Fixed ribosomes: attached to the endoplasmic recticulum

(Both produce protein)

Mitochondria

powerhouse of the cell, produces ATP

Nucleus

Control center of the cell. Contains chromosomes.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Rough ER and Smooth ER

Rough ER

-with ribosomes

-synthesizes proteins

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

-w/out ribosomes

-synthesizes non-proteins: lipids, steroids, and carbohydrates

Golgi apparatus

s•Synthesis and packaging of secretions

•Packaging of enzymes (modifies protein)

•Renewal and modification of the plasmalemma

"packaging and shipping"

Lysosomes

-destroy ingested particles

-recycle damaged organelles

-rupture,killing cell (called autolysis)

"wrecking crew" of cell

Peroxisomes

consist of catalase

abundant in liver cells

convert hydrogen peroxide to water and oxidants

Toxic waste removal, or HAZMAT team of the cell

Gap junctions (communicating junctions)

provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells

tight junctions

•Prevent the movement of water and other molecules from passing between the cells

anchoring junctions (desmosomes)

•small, localized anchoring junctions

•Most abundant in superficial layers of the skin

integumentary system

skin, hair, nails, sweat/oil glands, mammary glands

cutaneous membrane

epidermis and dermis

accessory structures

hair, nails, exocrine glands

Epidermis

Superficial epithilium

Outer layer of skin

Dermis

•Underlying connective tissue

•Deep to the dermis is the hypodermis

•Also known as the subcutaneous layer or superficial fascia

•This is not normally considered to be a part of the integument

"under layer of skin"

Integumentary structure and functions

•Physical protection

•Regulation of body temperature

•Excretion of products

•Synthesis of products

•Sensation

•Immune defense

Thick skin

Covers the palms of the hands and soles of the feet

Has five layers of keratinocytes

Thin skin

Covers most of the body

Has four layers of keratinocytes