Topic 6: Anaerobic Respiration
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Last updated 6:32 PM on 3/29/23
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9 Terms
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3 main ways pyruvate from glycolysis is used:
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* Pyruvate oxidation and Krebs cycle (aerobic conditions)
* Alcoholic fermentation (anaerobic conditions)
* Lactic acid fermentation (anaerobic conditions)
* Pyruvate oxidation and Krebs cycle (aerobic conditions)
* Alcoholic fermentation (anaerobic conditions)
* Lactic acid fermentation (anaerobic conditions)
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Alcoholic Fermentation
A type of anaerobic fermentation in which pyruvate is converted to ethanol and CO2 by yeast cells, generating 2 ATP
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Steps of Alcoholic Fermentation
1. 2 pyruvate → 2 acetaldehyde + 2 CO2
2. 2 acetaldehyde + 2 NADH + 2 H+ → 2 ethanol + 2 NAD+
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Lactic Acid Fermentation
* A type of anaerobic fermentation in which pyruvate is converted to lactate by muscle cells during exercise, generating 2 ATP
* Pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate
* 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ → 2 lactate + 2 NAD+
* Pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate
* 2 pyruvate + 2 NADH + 2 H+ → 2 lactate + 2 NAD+
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Lactate
* onized form of lactic acid
* Lactate is acidic, which drops the pH of the blood leading to cramping and muscle fatigue
* When at rest lactate is converted back to pyruvate in the liver
* Lactate is acidic, which drops the pH of the blood leading to cramping and muscle fatigue
* When at rest lactate is converted back to pyruvate in the liver
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How cellular respiration and fermentation are naerobic and aerobic alternatives for producing ATP from sugars
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* Both use glycolysis to oxidize sugars to pyruvate to form 2 ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation
* Both use NAD+ as an electron acceptor
* In fermentation, the electrons of NADH are passed to an organic molecule (ethanol or lactate/lactic acid), regenerating NAD+
* Under aerobic respiration, a molecule of glucose yields 38 ATP, but the same molecule of glucose yields only 2 ATP under anaerobic respiration
* Both use glycolysis to oxidize sugars to pyruvate to form 2 ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation
* Both use NAD+ as an electron acceptor
* In fermentation, the electrons of NADH are passed to an organic molecule (ethanol or lactate/lactic acid), regenerating NAD+
* Under aerobic respiration, a molecule of glucose yields 38 ATP, but the same molecule of glucose yields only 2 ATP under anaerobic respiration
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Deamination
* Proteins must first be digested to individual amino acids and their amino groups removed via deamination
* The process of removing amino groups from amino acids, which allows the carbon skeletons to enter glycolysis or the Krebs cycle as substrates
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* The process of removing amino groups from amino acids, which allows the carbon skeletons to enter glycolysis or the Krebs cycle as substrates
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Fatty Acid Oxidation
* The process of breaking down fatty acids into two-carbon fragments, which can enter the Krebs cycle as acetyl CoA and generate large amounts of ATP
* Fats must be digested to glycerol and fatty acids
* Glycerol can be converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, an intermediate of glycolysis
* Fats must be digested to glycerol and fatty acids
* Glycerol can be converted to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, an intermediate of glycolysis
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Proteins and Fats as energy sources
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* Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be catabolized through the same pathways in cellular respiration
* They can enter glycolysis and the Krebs cycle at specific locations
* Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be catabolized through the same pathways in cellular respiration
* They can enter glycolysis and the Krebs cycle at specific locations