Biotechnology - Chapter 14 - Biotechnology Research and Applications

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29 Terms

1

genomics

the study of all the genes and DNA code of an organism

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2

bioinformatics

the use of computers and databases to analyze and relate large amounts of biological data

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3

shotgun cloning

a method of cloning commonly used during the sequencing of the human genome that involves digesting DNA into 500bp pieces, generating libraries from those fragments and eventually sequencing the libraries

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4

reverse-transcription PCR

the use of reverse transcriptase to produce cDNA from mRNA for use in PCR

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5

real-time PCR

the use of fluorescent probe techniques to measure PCR product as it is being procuced

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6

RNAi

an abbreviation for RNA interference, a type of double-stranded RNA that is chopped into small pieces when engulfed by the cell and binds to an interferes with the cell's native RNA or DNA

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7

siRNA

an abbreviation for short-interferring RNA, a type of single-stranded RNA oligo fragment that is created by scientists to target a gene for silencing

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8

microRNA

the small pieces of RNA that are known to interrup posttranscriptional RNA function by binding to mRNA as soon as it is made

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9

Northern blot

a process in which RNA fragments on a gel are transferred to a positively charged membrane to be probed by labeled cDNA

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10

transcriptome

all of the mRNA in a cell at a given point in time

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11

proteomics

the study of how, when, and where proteins are used in cells

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12

proteome

all of an organism's protein and protein-related material

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13

NMR

an abbreviation for nuclear magnetic resonance

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14

NMR

a technique that measures the spin on nuclei of isotopes in a magnetic field to study physical, chemical, and biological properties of proteins

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15

protein crystallography

a technique that uses x-ray wave diffraction patterns to visualize the positions of atoms in a protein molecule to reveal its three-dimensional structure

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16

x-ray diffraction pattern

a pattern of light intensifies that develops when an x-ray beam is passed through a mounted crystalline structure

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17

salting out

a technique for crystallizing proteins that involves precipitating a sample of pure protein using a stringent salt gradient of sodium chloride, ammonium sulfate, or some other salt

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18

protein arrays

a fusion of technologies where protein samples bound on the glass slide are assessed using antibodies or other recognition material

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19

embryonic stem cells

the unspecialized cells found in developing embryos that have the ability to differentiate into a wide range of specialized cells

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20

adult stem cells

the unspecialized cells found in specialized tissues and organs that keep their ability to divide and differentiate into cells with specific functions

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21

pluripotent

the stem cells that can specialize into any type of tissue

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22

regenerative medicine

the field of medicine that focuses on replacement or restoration of damaged tissues or organs

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23

environmental biotechnology

a field of biotechnology whose applications include monitoring and correcting the health of populations, communities, and ecosystems.

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24

bioterrorism

the use of biological agents to attack humans, plants or animals

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25

biodefense

all the methods used to protect a population from exposure to biological agents

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26

biometric

the measurement and statistical analysis of biological specimens or processes

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27

synthetic biology

the application of biotechnologies to design and construct new biological systems, such as macromolecules, metabolic pathways, cells, tissues or organisms

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28

marine biotechnology

the study and manipulation of marine organisms, their component molecules, cells, tissues, or organs.

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29

nanotechnology

all technologies that operate on a nanometer scale

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