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Why was there a need for slavery?
There was a need for cheap labor.
Why did the Europeans look to Africa for slaves?
Due to a shortage of labor.
What is the Atlantic slave trade?
Transportation of slaves to America.
Describe the Middle Passage.
The journey across the sea that the Africans had to endure.
What is abolition?
The act of ending or stopping something.
What did slavery do to native populations?
It greatly decreased their numbers.
What is the African Diaspora?
The spread of Africans across the world due to the slave trade.
What were examples of cultural diffusion because of the African Diaspora?
A lot of African music and traditions were spread.
What were the economic interests of Europe in Africa?
Africa was rich in valuable resources.
What were the political interests of Europe in Africa?
Gaining land would allow them to control more.
What were the religious interests of Europe in Africa?
Spreading Christianity.
What advantages did Europe have over native Africans?
Weapons, technology, and military power.
What does the phrase 'scramble for Africa' refer to?
The European rush to colonize Africa.
How was the Balance of Power Crisis resolved?
It was resolved at the Berlin Conference.
How did King Leopold exploit the Congo Free State?
He lied about his intentions and caused a lot of death.
Why was Ethiopia different from Algeria and West African resistance?
used European tactics and historically shared religions.
What was the outcome of the conflict with the Boers?
The British won and created the union of south africa
What is African Nationalism?
The desire for self-rule, relating to Pan-Africanism.
What were the two main purposes of Pan-Africanism and African Nationalism?
To unite Africans and gain independence.
What are some ways nationalism was expressed in Africa?
Protests, political movements, poetry, and songs.
Why is the expression of African nationalism important?
It helped people appreciate their own culture, which was not seen positively before.
Why did the end of World War II strengthen the African Independence movement?
Europe was weakened economically, providing an opportunity for independence.
What are some peaceful ways African nations won independence?
Ghana, Libya, and Tunisia achieved independence peacefully.
What is a revolution?
Armed resistance against authority.
Name two countries that won independence through revolutions.
Algeria (through fighting with French) and Kenya (through armed resistance against British).
What is a civil war? Name an African country that experienced this.
A civil war is internal conflict; the Congo experienced this.
What is one-party rule?
It is like democracy but with only one party, appealing because it promotes unity.
Why did some nations look to military rule?
Military rule could provide defense and stability.
What does 'subsistence' mean?
Providing just enough food for oneself and family.
Why is Africa's economic recovery fragile?
It heavily depends on foreign aid.
Why does Africa have trouble paying back its debt?
Insufficient resources for self-sustainability leads to borrowing.
What does genocide mean?
Deliberate killing of a large number of people from a specific group.
What are the four components of genocide?
Purposeful action 2. Hate propaganda 3. Generalization of groups 4. Viewed as 'the other'.
Why was there a civil war in Somalia?
General Barre incited clan conflicts to maintain his power.
What was the initial reason for USA involvement in Somalia?
To provide humanitarian aid.
What was the mission in Somalia commonly known as?
Operation Restore Hope.
What was the immediate cause of the Rwandan genocide?
The death of the Hutu president in a plane crash.
What is the role of the Interhamwe in the Rwandan genocide?
They were Hutu extremists responsible for killing Tutsis.
Why did international powers not intervene in the Rwandan conflict?
Fear of repeating the Somalia experience and public pressure.
How long did the Rwandan genocide last and what was the death toll?
About 100 days, resulting in approximately 1 million deaths.
What is the policy of Apartheid?
Forced segregation in South Africa.
What are three Apartheid policies?
Non-whites could not vote 2. Living areas restricted 3. Ethnic tribes forced into infertile homelands.
What were 'Passbooks' and why were they hated?
Passbooks limited residence and work; they separated families.
What was the Sharpeville Massacre?
Police opened fire on peaceful protesters, killing over 60.
What role did women and students play in the resistance movement?
They led significant protests that received media attention.
How did the UN put pressure on South Africa to end Apartheid?
Through weapons embargoes, boycotts, and banning from international sports.
Who is Nelson Mandela? When did he become president?
He was a leader against Apartheid and became president in 1994.
How did European imperialism affect modern situations in Africa?
It led to ongoing conflicts and struggles for independence.
