FINISHED Brain and Cranial Nerves (chapter 15)

Meningitis

An inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, with bacterial being worse than viral.

Epidural hematomas

A collection of blood between the dura mater and skull, typically resulting from a head injury.

Subdural hematomas

A buildup of blood between the dura mater and the brain, which occurs more slowly compared to epidural hematomas.

Cerebrum

The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher brain functions such as thought, memory, and voluntary movement.

Gyri

The ridges or folds in the brain's surface.

Sulci

The grooves or indentations between the gyri in the brain.

Fissures

Deep sulci that divide the brain into lobes.

Gray matter

Regions in the brain consisting of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons.

White matter

Regions in the brain made up of myelinated axons, organized in bundles called tracts.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A clear fluid that surrounds and cushions the brain and spinal cord.

Blood-brain barrier

A selective permeability barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain and extracellular fluid in the central nervous system.

Pia mater

The innermost layer of the cranial meninges that adheres closely to the surface of the brain.

Arachnoid mater

The middle layer of the cranial meninges, located between the pia mater and dura mater, containing the subarachnoid space filled with CSF.

Dura mater

The tough outermost layer of the cranial meninges, made of dense connective tissue.

Ventricles

Cavities within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid and are lined with ependymal cells.

Corpus callosum

The largest white matter tract that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres.

Frontal lobe

The anterior part of the cerebrum involved in motor functions and higher cognitive processes.

Parietal lobe

The superior part of the cerebrum that processes sensory input and spatial awareness.

Temporal lobe

The inferior side of the cerebrum involved in auditory processing and memory.

Occipital lobe

The posterior part of the cerebrum responsible for visual processing.

Insula

A small lobe deep to the lateral sulcus that is involved in consciousness and emotional responses.

Primary motor cortex

Located in the precentral gyrus, it controls voluntary movements on the opposite side of the body.

Somatosensory cortex

Located in the postcentral gyrus, it receives and processes sensory information from the body.

Hypothalamus

An area of the brain involved in homeostasis, regulating autonomic and endocrine functions.

Medulla oblongata

The lowest part of the brainstem that controls vital autonomic functions such as heart rate and respiration.

Cerebellum

The second largest brain structure that coordinates and fine-tunes movements and maintains posture.

Cranial nerves

Twelve pairs of nerves that originate from the brain and are responsible for sensory and motor functions of the head and neck.

Olfactory nerve (CN I)

The sensory nerve responsible for the sense of smell.

Optic nerve (CN II)

The sensory nerve responsible for vision.

Oculomotor nerve (CN III)

The nerve that controls most of the eye's movements, pupil size, and lens shape.

Trigeminal nerve (CN V)

The nerve responsible for sensation in the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing.

Facial nerve (CN VII)

The nerve that controls the muscles of facial expression and provides sensory information for taste.

Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

The sensory nerve responsible for hearing and balance.

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

The nerve responsible for taste, salivation, and pharynx muscle innervation.

Vagus nerve (CN X)

The nerve that supplies innervation to the heart, lungs, and most abdominal organs.

Accessory nerve (CN XI)

The somatic motor nerve that innervates neck muscles, especially trapezius and sternocleidomastoid.

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

The motor nerve that controls the movements of the tongue.

cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum

the 4 major regions of the brain

Gyri

raised area of brain outer surface

sulci

depression between ridges in brain

fissures

deep sulci

anterior

rostral

posterior

caudal

grey matter

nueron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons

what is a nucleus in gray matter

regions of grey matter (clusters of cell bodies)

white matter

myelinated axons

what is a tract in white matter

an organized bundle

dura, pia, arachnoid

what are the three layers of cranial meninges

list layers of the brain meninges superficial to deep

epidural space-duramater-arachnoid mater- subarachnoid space- pia mater

what is the function of CSF

function of the blood brain barrier

lateral, 3rd, 4th

ventricles of the brain

central canal

what structure in the spinal cord do the ventricles connect to?

the lateral to the 3rd

what ventricles do the interventricular foramen connect

3rd and 4th

what ventricles does the cerebral aquaduct connect

what cell lines the ventricles and what is their role

ependymal cells, maintain homeostasis of CSF

longitudinal fissure

cleft seperating the cerebral hemispheres

corpus callosum

what is the most prominent white matter tract connecting the hemispheres

frontal lobe controls

voluntary movement

parietal lobe controls

temporal lobe controls

occipital lobe controls

i

insular lobe controls

central sulcus

sulcus in between frontal and parietal lobes

precentral gyrus

before the central gyrus, controls voluntary movement

lateral sulcus

separates frontal and temporal lobe

parieto-occipital sulcus

seperates the parietal and occipital lobes

epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus

what structures are part of the diencephalon

epithalamus

pineal gland, endocrine gland that secretes melatonin

habenular nuclei

helps relay signals from limbic system (emotional part of brain) to midbrain, involved un visceral and emotional responses to odors

thalamus

oval masses of gray matter on lateral sides of 3rd ventricle, receives signals form all conscious senses BUT olfaction

hypothalamus

master endocrine gland, anteroinferior region of diencephalon. controls autonomic nervous system, endorine system. regulates body temp and food and water intake, sleep wake rythms and emotional behavior

infundibulum

stalk of pituitary extending from hypothalamus

midbrain

made up of tectum (colliculis) and cerebral aquaduct. controls reflexes that dont involve the higher level of the brain

tectum

made up of superior and inferior colliculi, controls reflexes not involving higher level of the brain

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

components of brainstem

PONS

sensory and motor tracts that connect brain and spinal cord. Includes the pontine respiratory system, that helps regulate the skeletal muscles involved in breathing

medulla oblongata

includes sensory and motor tracts connecting brain to spinal cord. sends inhale signal for breath, then the rate and depth are determined by the PONS. includes cardiovascular center (autonomic nuclei) that control heart output and blood vessel diameter. also houses nuclei that control coughing, sneezing, vomiting, salivating, and swallowing

pyramids

pair of ridges on anterior surface of the medulla oblongata, house corticospinal tracts for motor control

pontine respiratory system

what part of the pons helps regulate the skeletal muscles for breathing

pyramids

what are the pair of ridges on the anterior surface of the medulla

decussation

each side of the pyramid cortex controls movement on opposite body side

autonomic nuclei of medulla

where is the cardiovascular center located?

cardiac center

what regulates heart output

vasomotor center

what regulates blood vessel diameter

controls breathing rate, communicates with pontine respiratory center

what does the medularry respiratory center do

stores memories of previously learned movements, adjusts movements indicated by ceremrum which ensures smoothness, helps maintain posture and equilibrium, receives proprioceptive information (3d space) from muscles and joints

what is the cerebellums role in movement?

temporal lobe

where is the primary auditory cortex located

precentral gyrus

where is the primary motor cortex located

post central gyrus

where is the primary somatosensory cortex located

insular lobe

where is the primary gustatory cortex located

temporal lobe

where is the primary olfactory cortex located

occipital lobe

where is the primary visual cortex located

primary function of cranial nerve I

smell/olfaction

primary function of cranial nerve II

vision

primary function of cranial nerve III

eye muscles SR IR MR IO, iris, and eyelid

primary function of cranial nerve IV

obliques in eye

primary function of cranial nerve V

muscles of mastication, anteriror scalp, face, nasal cavity, oral cavity, teeth

primary function of cranial nerve VI

lateral rectus

primary function of cranial nerve VII

muscles of facial expressions