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E. E. Schattschneider
A political scientist known for his work on political parties and interest groups, arguing that democracy is heavily influenced by elites.
Federalism
A system of government where power is divided between a central (national) government and regional (state) governments.
James Madison (Ambition)
In Federalist No. 51, Madison argued that ambition must be made to counteract ambition, meaning government should have checks and balances to prevent abuse of power.
Devolution
The transfer of power from the federal government to state and local governments.
New Federalism
A political philosophy that emphasizes returning power to the states, often associated with Presidents Nixon and Reagan.
Home Rule
The power given to local governments by a state to manage their own affairs without direct state interference.
Expressed Powers
Powers specifically granted to the federal government by the Constitution (e.g., the power to tax, regulate commerce, and declare war).
Concurrent Powers
Powers shared by both the federal and state governments, such as the power to tax, borrow money, and enforce laws.
Implied Powers
Powers not explicitly stated in the Constitution but inferred from the Necessary and Proper Clause (Elastic Clause).
Grants: Block Grants
A federal grant given to states with broad guidelines on how to spend the money, allowing flexibility in implementation.
Grants: Categorical Grants
A federal grant given to states for a specific purpose, with strict regulations on how the money must be used.
Unfunded Mandates
Federal requirements that states must follow without receiving federal funding to support them.
